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O REGENTE SEM ORQUESTRA 13
INTRODUÇAO
GRE EN , Elizabeth e Gl BSON, Mark. The Modem Conductor. Engl ewood C\iffs: Prentice Hall, 0003. T' ediçao. MUNIZ NETO, jos éV iega s. Comunicação gestual no regência de orqu estra. São Bernard o do Cam po: An a b lume , 19 90. ROCHA , Ricardo. Regência. Rio de Jane iro: Ibi s Li b ris, 2 00 4. R U D O LF , Ma x. The Grammar ofConducting: A Comprehensive Guide t o Baton Techniqu e and lnte rpretation. New Yo r k: Schirmer, 1950. 3~ e di ção. SCHERCHEN, He rm a n n. Manuale dei Diretrore d'Orchestra. Mil ano: Curei, 1966. SCH U LLER, G unth e r. The Compleat Cond uctor. Ncw Yor k: Oxrord Uni vers ir y Press, ' 997· TH O ~tAS , Kurt e W AGN ER, Alexa n der. Leh rb uch der Chorleitung. Lei pzig: Breitkop f & H .:irtel. 2003. ZA No E R, Oscar. Regência Coral. Porto Alegre: Movime:1to IE L, l979- 2~ ediç·âo.
14 • CONDUCTOR WJTH NO ORCHESTRA
for the conductor who wants to improve his sight reading and gestures through more elaborate exercises. Ali the material was composed during the first two years o f activities o f our group of conducting studies. We started our group right after the end of our graduation studies and always worked under the supervision and coaching o f maestro Roberto Tibiriçá. For every class, each one o f us composed one exercise o f at least 20 measures in length, to be studied and performed with skill, t1uency and without hesitation. The exercises were devised sue h as to help us facing the many difficulties found in the orchestral repertoire. It has always been our great concern not to make this book a mere collection o f mechanical and boring solfeggio exercises. The exercises presented here provi de elements for the overcoming o f the ma in technical clifficulties found in the practice o f conducting, like changes o f time signatures, how to reach and leave a pause (fermata), performing of cutoff (release) gestures, cueing instruments and changes
in tempo, dynamics and articulation. In ou r own experience, we believe they will enable the student great technical and musical development. We strongly advise students to be fully familiarized with their study before working with a musical ensemble, as they will allow a more solid basis for his interaction with the ensemble. Repetition of each exercise, until it is perfectly mastered, improves gestures, makes movements automatic, enables hand independence and is sure to provi de accuracy in the processo f reading, thinking and taking action. By the end o f the study o f these collected exercises, the student will certainly have achieved a new degree o f precision in the conducting o f his musical repertoire. Thus, we recommend the study of this material as an effective practical exercise for the student of conducting to improve the multiple technical aspects related to the gestures of a conductor. We hope this material turns out to be as useful to its reader as it h as been useful to us.
ARTHUR RINALDI BEATRIZ DE LUCA DANIEL NERY LUCIANO VAZZOLER
AGRADECIMENTOS
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our teacher Roberto Tibiriçáfor the motivation to write this book, which has only been made possible thanks to his enormous experience, generously shared with us.
We would like to thank our "orchestra'; the pianist Ricardo Ba/lestero, who a/lowed us to put in to practice, during our classes, the technique we acquired through the exercises.
I
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knowledge as the baton being transmitted from hand to hand to make a great chain o f wisdom. The book "Conductor with no Orchestra" is the resulto f the accumulated knowledge o f a Master, as received by his students, now passed on through a set ofpractical exercises.
musicians who consider rhythmic train i ng as the very essence, the beating heart o f their musical nature. The work o f these students is not only a tribute to their master, but also an important contribution towards the improvement o f the Art of Conducting.
Edino Krieger Composer, member of ABM , Doctor Honoris Causa by UFRJ and UNIR! O.
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10 • CONDUCTOR WITH NO O RCH ES TRA
Presentation
newly graduated students interest ed in improving their conductíng practíce, 1 suggested that they should begin their studies with rhythm exercises, like those I had Iearned from my master, the great maestro Eleazar de Carvalho. I had been for many decad es very close to him , and during this time he taught me not only how to perform those exercises, but also how to create them. H e himsel f had learn ed this technique from his pr o fe ssor, the also grea t ma estro Se rgei Koussevitsky, und er whose supervision h e studi ed , a nd who he ev entually succeeded as a professor o f orchestra condu ctin g at the Tanglewood Music Festival, U.S.A. l nitia ll y, the exerci ses were only intend ed to render auto matic fo r the st ud e nt th e condu c ting gestur es for th e va rious time signatures. With ti m e, they st ar ted to cover o th er musical parameters , and even tua ll y beca me a fund am ental tool for th e gestural development of my students. Through these exercises, th ey develop ed for themselves a collection of mo ve m en ts a nd used t he m very efficiently in their co ndu cti ng o f the mu sic al r eper toire we were working on. Th is book is th e resu lt o f th e enormous effort th ose four students put in to
developing these exercises. Using them , th e stud ents, who already master ed a great compositional creativity, were able to evidence their own development. Nevertheless, the exercises should always be performed under the supervision of a teacher, no matt er which conductíng school he o r she com es fr om, since technic al details are not mention ed. The most imp or tant is not the conducting style one adopts, but the fluency and accuracy o f the gesture. Th e e ducation of the yo un g had always been matter o f co ncern for our grea t composer Villa-Lobos and also for our great master Eleazar de Carvalho. I in her it ed th is conce rn. Th at is the r easo n why I encouraged my fo ur s tudent s to carry on composing further exercises for publishing. Throughout my frequent participation in conv ent ions, courses, worksho p s, master classes a nd festivais I have noticed the lack o f books on this subject, despite th e great demand. This book inte nd s to continue the work o f th ose two gr eat musician s, pr ovidin g app ropriat e material for the development o f the yo un g co nd uctor s-to -be. I strongly believe that this bo ok stri ctly mee ts the co n cerns ofVilla- Lobos a nd Eleazar de Carva lho toward s the youth!
R OBERTO TIBIRIÇÁ Member of Aca demia Brasileira
GREEN, Eli za beth & G IB SON, Mark. The Modem Conduct or. Englewood Cliffs: Pr en tice Hali, 2003. ih edi tion. M UN I Z NETO,JoséV i egas. Comunicação ges cua l na regência de orquestra. São Bernardo d o Ca mpo: AnJb lu mc, 1 990. ROCIIA, Ricardo. Regência. Rio de Jan eiro: !bis Libris. 2004. RUDOLF, Max. The Cramma r of Cund ucting: A Co mprehensive Guide to Baton Techn ique and lnt erpretation. 1:ew York: Schi rm er, 1950. 3'ct ed itio n. SCHERCHEN, Hermann. 1 \tlanua le de/ Diretlore d'Orchestra. Milano: Cu rei, 196ó. SC HULLE R, Gun lher. The Complea r Conductor. Ncw York: Oxford Un iv ersity Press, 1997. TH O MA S, Kurt and WAGNER, Al cxa nd er. Lehrbt1ch der Chorleirung. Leipzig: Br ei tkopf & Hartel. 2003. ZANOER. Oscar. Regência Cora l. Porto Aleg r e: Movi mento I EL,
12 • CONDUCTOR WITH NO ORCHESTRA
Introduction
S
I N S T R U M E NT C O N F I R M S the maxim: "Practice leads to perfection". Musical aml technical excellence can only be achieved after long years o f hard individual study and, even after this levei has been reached , musicians carry on studying their instruments exhaustively so that they can keep their skills, increase repertoire , perfect rendition and lengthen their careers. Such dedication keeps musicians on intima te terms with their instrum ents, making instrument and player mingle, or rather, turn into one. In addition to complete technical mastery of the instrument , daily study routine provides the necessary involvement to make music ha ppen , and that reaches far beyond m ere technique. A conductor is an instrumentalist and his instrum e nt is the orchestra, choir or musical ensemble. However, a conductor is not given his instrument often enough to study and improve one's technique. The daily routine o f a conductor is lonely- not unlike other pl aye r s- and this is made worse by th e fact that h e does not have an instrument. Besides, when he is actually given an instrum en t, one cannot afford to make mistakes a nd repeat an excerpt exhausti ve ly until a pleasing musical result is achieved. The st ud y of co nducting is almost a virtual action, for one imagines an orchestra a nd sup pos es how it w ill react to each gesture in musical terms. One
must prepare oneself to a whole array o f reactions the group conducted might have and react back with a new command performed by means of a new gesture. Ali in a split second. lt is crucial for the conductor to have such a wide range o f automatic gestural repertoire internalized by means o f individual study. The compilation of exercises presented in this book serves as an auxiliary tool in the study of conducting, since it includes the main technical difficulti es found in a large musical repertoire in condensed form. It enables Conductorwith no Orchestra to enhance his gestures more e ffectively without direct contact with th e unavailable instrument. "Conductor with no Orchestra- Basic, Interrnediate and Advanced Exercises" does not intend to be a handbook on conducting no r a book on conducting techniques and ges tur es, as there already is a vast literatur e* on these subjects. The main goal of this material isto help the student of conducting to ove rcome his or her own rhy thmi c and coordination difficulties, as it may be in the case of frequent cha nges o f time signatures, as well as to r ender au to matic their gestures in conductin g. This book is a compilation o f 135
for students o f conducting o r students o f music who wish to gain knowledge in the stud y of rhy thm togeth er with co nducting techniqu e. lt is a lso inte nded
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O REGENTE SEM ORQUE STRA • 15
ARTHUR RINALDI BEATRIZ DE LUCA DANIEL NERY LUCIANO VAZZOLER
I
"
O REGENTE SEM ORQUESTRA • 17
ORIENTAÇÕES GERA I S
F U N Ç AO OO R E G E N T E É I N D U Z l R O S M Ú S 1 C O S A T OCA R ". Esse
18 • CONDUCTOR WITH NO ORCHESTRA
previous one has been perfectly carried out with no hesitation. The solfeggio o f each exercise must be accompanied by the performance o f the beat pattern which corresponds to the notated time signature. Each exercise should be done slowly - approximately 6o quarter-notes per minute- and then accelerated to at least the doubling o f the tempo, but keeping in mind that the gestures and the beat patterns are not the same in both cases: alia breve in fast tempos, patterns with subdivisions in slow tempos, always keeping a regular pulse for the eighth-note. As the levei of difficulty increases, other musical symbols will appear in the score, such as fermatas, accents, articulations, phrasing slurs, dynamic and tempo markings. Those symbols must receive the appropriate gesture from the conductor.
This book provides a collection o f exercises that will allow the conductor to practice and improve his performance of a gestural repertoire present in the practice of conducting, which includes beat patterns as well as articulation, dynamic, tempo and phrasing movements. In oràer to make this study easier, the book is divided into three chapters which are organized by levei of difficulty. Before each chapter there is a set of instructions on how to perform the exercises. These instructions are cumulative throughout the book.
O REGENTE SEM ORQUESTRA
2 I
This chapter contains 6o exercises, in arder ofincreasing difficulty, which present time signature changes with rhythms ranging from si mp/e to complex. Atfirst, exercises alternate sirnple meters only, then only compound meters. Later on, there are simple, compound and odd meter changes, such as 5/4, 7/4, 9/8 (withfour total beats), w/8 and n/8. Thefirst exercises start on the downbeat (thesis), but gradually exercises starting on the upbeat (anacrusis) are introduced. Still in this chapter, the first fermatas at the end ofphrases will appear.
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22 • CONDUCTOR WITH NO ORCHESTRA
,· N T H I S C H A P TE R there are exercises :L with frequent time signature changes. These exercises include, in addition to the most usual meters (duple, triple and quadruple), time signatures of 5, 6 or more beats and compound meters o f severa! combinations. To perform these exercises correctly, the conductor must always have in mind the pulse o f the eighth-note, which is the same both for simple and compound time. The aim o f this chapter is the internalization o f the gestures for the various patterns, combined with rhythmic accuracy and regularity o f pulse. Independently o f the style o f conducting that the student follows, it must be remarked that the same exercise performed on very different tempos demands different patterns, with subdivisions on slow tempos and alia breve on fast tempos. Notice the example below:
This measure should be conducted in three beats, with the first and second beats having duple subdivision and the thircl beat, which is the longest, having a triple subdivision. In this example , the grouping o f the eighth-notes makes it clear. When the subclivision is not macle clear by the score, the conductor must analyze the measure and choose the beats that will receive duple anel triple subclivision. We recommend that the concluctor should
make his own subdivision markings right above the exercises. Notice that this book was printed soas to offer considerable space over the score, which may and should be used for this purpose, like the example below:
The beginning o f each exercise is an important musical event anel every event of this nature requires a preparatory beat. This gesture generally occurs on the beat before the musical event and its main function isto show the musicians the musical parameters o f the segment that follows. In the case o f the beginning of the exercises in this chapter, its purpose isto show the tempo only. This gesture should also be performed when there is a longer musical segrnent with rests, so that the returno f the solfeggio can be ma de ele ar. Finally, every exercise has a final cutoff, which must be indicated by the conductor through a preparatory beat. This gesture should be performecl on the beat just before the occurrence o f the final cutoff, so that the exact momento f the interruption o f souncl is made clear.