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H{hufðflrv gh Suredelolgdghv h Hvwdwðvwlfd

Ghsduwdphqwr gh Pdwhpäwlfd

Hvfrod Vxshulru gh Whfqrorjld gh Vhwýedo

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Vhwhpeur gh 5338

4 Hohphqwrv gd Whruld gdv Suredelolgdghv

H{hufðflrv

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41 Sdu

51 Glylvðyho sru wuív

61 Sdu rx glylvðyho sru 1

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41 Gh shor phqrv xp grv mruqdlv

51 Gh qhqkxp ghvvhv mruqdlv

61 H{foxvlydphqwh gr mruqdo R Dxurud

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41 Whu shor phqrv xp grv wlsrv gh pätxlqd

51 Qær whu qhqkxp grv wlsrv gh pätxlqd

61 Whu xp vö wlsr gh pätxlqd

H{hufðflr 417 Vxsrqkd txh /  h  vær dfrqwhflphqwrv wdlv txh=

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41 Vh  h  vær pxwxdphqwh h{foxvlyrv

51 Vh  h  vær lqghshqghqwhv

61  Ec  E 7c  E 7c  E 7 ^7 

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H{hufðflr 4147 Vhmdp  h  grlv dfrqwhflphqwrv lqghshqghqwhv/ suryh txh r frpsohphqwdu gh  h r frpsohphqwdu gh  wdpeìp r vær

H{hufðflr 4148 Qxpd dprvwud frqvwlwxðgd sru ff lqglyðgxrv rewlyhudp0vh rv uhvxowdgrv dsuhvhqwdgrv qr txdgur vhjxlqwh=

3rp Eurqtxlwh Vhp Eurqtxlwh Ixpdgruhv ef 2f Qær Ixpdgruhv (^) f f

41 Gljd/ mxvwlfdqgr/ vh rv dfrqwhflphqwrv vhu ixpdgru h whu eurq txlwh vær lqghshqghqwhv

51 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh xp lqglyðgxr txh ì ixpdgru whu eurqtxlwh

H{hufðflr 4149 Vxsrqkd txh d hqwuhylvwd gh fdqglgdwxud d xp hpsuhjr/ ì xpd h{shulíqfld dohdwöuld h txh d qrvvd dwhqêær vh fhqwud hp grlv dfrq whflphqwrv r fdqglgdwr whp erd dsduíqfld +dfrqwhflphqwr , h r fdq glgdwr frqvhjxlx r hpsuhjr +dfrqwhflphqwr ,1 Vdehqgr txh  E ' fec  E ' f 2 h^  E ^  ' fe

41 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh r fdqglgdwr whu erd dsduíqfld h frqvhjxlu r hpsuhjr

51 Rv dfrqwhflphqwrv r fdqglgdwr whp erd dsduíqfld h r fdqglgdwr frqvhjxlx r hpsuhjr vær lqghshqghqwhvB

61 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh r fdqglgdwr whu erd dsduíqfld vdehqgr txh frqvhjxlx r hpsuhjr

H{hufðflr 414: Qxpd iäeulfd yhulfrx0vh txh xp fhuwr duwljr srgh dsuh vhqwdu ghihlwrv gh grlv wlsrv1 D suredelolgdgh gh rfruuhu r ghihlwr gr wlsr  ì f h d suredelolgdgh gh rfruuhu r ghihlwr gr wlsr  ì ffD1 Vdehqgr txh rv ghihlwrv rfruuhp lqghshqghqwhphqwh xp gr rxwur/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh=

41 Xp duwljr qær whu txdotxhu ghihlwr

51 Xp duwljr whu ghihlwr

61 Xp duwljr frp ghihlwr whu xp h xp vö wlsr gh ghihlwr

H{hufðflr 414; Vxsrqgr txh vh whp frqkhflphqwr gd vhjxlqwh lqirupdêær=

 d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr yhu r dqýqflr gr surgxwr  ì f D(  d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr frpsudu r surgxwr  ì f 2  d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr frpsudu r surgxwr^ / whqgr ylvwr r dqýqflr gr surgxwr  ì fe 

41 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh yhu r dqýqflr h frpsudu r surgxwr  1

51 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh yhu r dqýqflr rx frpsudu r surgxwr  1

61 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh yhu r dqýqflr gr surgxwr  vh frpsurx hvvh surgxwr

71 Rv dfrqwhflphqwrv yhu r dqýqflr gr surgxwr  h frpsudu r surgxwr  vær lqghshqghqwhvB Mxvwltxh

H{hufðflr 4156 Dv pätxlqdv  h  surgx}hp uhvshfwlydphqwh fI h bfI gd surgxêær wrwdo gh xp fhuwr wlsr gh duwljrv1 Vxsrqgr txh d suredelolgdgh gd pätxlqd  surgx}lu duwljrv ghihlwxrvrv ì gh I h txh sdud d pätxlqd  ì gh DI/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xp duwljr wrpdgr dr dfdvr gh xp gld gh surgxêær suryhqkd gd pätxlqd (^) / dvvxplqgr txh ì ghihlwxrvrB

H{hufðflr 4157 Xpd hpsuhvd srvvxl phlrv gh wudqvsruwh/ Ac A 2 h A / sdud frorfdu rv vhxv surgxwrv qr phufdgr1 Vdeh0vh txh dv suredelolgdghv ghvwhv wudqvsruwhv dwudvduhp vær/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ ffD/ f h f2D1 Vdeh0vh dlqgd txh hvwhv phlrv gh wudqvsruwh vær hpsuhjxhv frp iuhtxíqfldv lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdlv drv uhvshfwlyrv fxvwrv sru uhphvvdv= Hf/ ef h S xqlgdghv pr qhwäuldv uhvshfwlydphqwh

41 3dofxoh dv shufhqwdjhqv gh xwlol}dêær gh fdgd xp grv phlrv gh wudqv sruwh

51 Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh kdyhu dwudvr

61 3rqvlghudqgr dv uhphvvdv fkhjdgdv frp dwudvr/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gdv phvpdv whuhp vlgr wudqvsruwdgdv sru A 2 q

H{hufðflr 4158 R Mrær whp ã vxd glvsrvlêær wuív phlrv gh wudqvsruwh gl ihuhqwhv sdud vh ghvorfdu gh fdvd sdud d hvfrod= r wudqvsruwh /  rx  1 Vdeh0vh txh d suredelolgdgh gh=

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41 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gr Mrær xwlol}du r wudqvsruwh  1

51 Vdehqgr txh r Mrær fkhjrx dwudvdgr ã hvfrod/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh whu xwlol}dgr r wudqvsruwh  1

H{hufðflr 4159 3rqvlghuh gxdv xuqdv  h  1 D xuqd  frqwìp  erod eudqfd h bbb erodv suhwdv h d xuqd  frqwìp  erod suhwd h bbb erodv eudqfdv Ì hvfroklgd xpd xuqd dr dfdvr gd txdo ì h{wudðgd xpd erod1 Vh hvwd ì suhwd/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh d xuqd  whu vlgr d hvfroklgdB

H{hufðflr 415: Xp vdfr whp prhgdv xpd gdv txdlv irl fxqkdgd frp 2 fdudv hqtxdqwr txh dv rxwudv r irudp frp  fdud h  frurd1 Wlud0vh xpd prhgd dr dfdvr gr vdfr h odqêd0vh dr du 2 yh}hv vhjxlgdv1 Txdo d suredelol gdgh gh txh vh wudwh gd prhgd gh 2 fdudv vdehqgr txh qrv grlv odqêdphqwrv vdlx vhpsuh fdudB

H{hufðflr 415; Gh uhjlvwrv hihfwxdgrv frqfoxl0vh txh rv frqgxwruhv txh flu fxodp hp ghwhuplqdgd hvwudgd srghp frphwhu xp h xp vö grv grlv wlsrv gh wudqvjuhvvøhv= wlsr U/ wlsr UU/ h qxqfd dpedv1 Gh Dff frqgxwruhv pxowd grv ff frphwhudp wudqvjuhvvøhv gr wlsr U 1 fI grv txh frphwhudp wudqv juhvvøhv gr wlsr U vær pxowdgrv1 I grv frqgxwruhv frphwhp wudqvjuhvvøhv gr wlsr U h 2I gr wlsr UU 1 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh vhu pxowdgr txhp frphwhu xpd wudqvjuhvvær gr wlsr UU 1

H{hufðflr 415< 3rqvlghuh xuqdv frp d vhjxlqwh frpsrvlêær= d xuqd  frqwìp (^) f erodv yhuphokdv h gxdv yhughv/ d xuqd 2 frqwìp (^) e erodv yhuphokdv h S yhughv h d xuqd frqwìp 2 erodv yhuphokdv h. yhughv1 Xpd erod ì h{wudðgd gh xpd gdv xuqdv/ vhqgr d hvfrokd gd xuqd ihlwd gr vhjxlqwh prgr= xp gdgr ì odqêdgr xpd yh}/

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41 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gd erod h{wudðgd vhu yhughB

51 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh vh whu hvfroklgr d xuqd / gdgr txh d erod h{wudðgd ì yhuphokdB

5 Yduläyhlv Dohdwöuldv

H{hufðflrv

H{hufðflr 514 Qxp odqêdphqwr gh prhgdv htxloleudgdv vhmd f d yduläyho dohdwöuld txh uhsuhvhqwd r qýphur gh fdudv vdðgdv1 Hvfuhyd d ixqêær gh suredelolgdgh gh f 1

H{hufðflr 515 Txdqwdv yh}hv vh ghyh odqêdu xp gdgr dr du sdud txh d sur edelolgdgh gh qær vdlu vhqd hp qhqkxp grv odqêdphqwrv vhmd lqihulru d ffB

H{hufðflr 516 R qýphur gh fduurv yhqglgrv vhpdqdophqwh qxp vwdqg ì xpd yduläyho dohdwöuld f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqêær gh suredelolgdgh=

%  2 e s E% S S 2 S^ S e

41 3dofxoh/ mxvwlfdqgr/ r ydoru gh S 1

51 Ghwhuplqh d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gh f

61 3dofxoh d suredelolgdgh gr qýphur gh fduurv yhqglgrv qær fkhjdu d e/ vdehqgr txh hvwh ydoru ì vxshulru d  1

71 Vh rv fxvwrv {rv vhpdqdlv vær gh f xqlgdghv prqhwäuldv +x1p1, txdq gr vær yhqglgrv 2 rx phqrv fduurv h D x1p1 txdqgr vh yhqgh pdlv gh 2 fduurv h/ doìp glvvr/ sru fdgd fduur yhqglgr kä xp oxfur gh D x1p1/ ghwhuplqh d uhfhlwd oðtxlgd vhpdqdo

H{hufðflr 517 Xpd hpsuhvd ghglfd0vh ã yhqgd gh duwljrv hoìfwulfrv1 Dv yhqgdv gläuldv gh judydgruhv +hp xqlgdghv, vær uhsuhvhqwdgdv sru xpd y1d f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqêær gh suredelolgdgh=

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41 Ghwhuplqh r ydoru gh &1 Mxvwltxh d vxd uhvsrvwd

51 Ghqd d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gd y1d1 f

61 3dofxoh/ dwudyìv gd ixqêær gh suredelolgdgh h gd ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær/ d suredelolgdgh gh dv yhqgdv vhuhp h{dfwdphqwh ljxdlv d judydgruhv/ qxp gld hp txh hvwdv irudp shor phqrv 21

H{hufðflr 518 Qxpd ormd gh hohfwurgrpìvwlfrv d surfxud gläuld gh dvsl udgruhv ì xpd y1d1 f frp ixqêær gh suredelolgdgh=

% f  2 e sE% f 2 K f f 2 f 41 3dofxoh K/ mxvwlfdqgr

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61 D sduwlu gd doðqhd dqwhulru rewhqkd d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gd yduläyho qýphur gh dvsludgruhv yhqglgrv

H{hufðflr 519 Gdgr r txdgur vhjxlqwh=

% f  2 sE% H e  2 H 41 Prvwuh txh s uhsuhvhqwd d ixqêær gh suredelolgdgh gh xpd y1d1 f>

51 3dofxoh. dfo c. df n 2o h T d 2 f n o 

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% f  2 s E% H H ^ 2D 41 Ghwhuplqh d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gd y1d1 f

51 3dofxoh  Ef f  2

61 3dofxoh .dfo h T dfo

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41 Ghwhuplqh & h 6 gh prgr txh .dfo ' e 

51 Ghwhuplqh T d f  2o

61 Ghwhuplqh 8 E% h  E 2 f D

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41 Ghwhuplqh & 1

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H{hufðflr 5146 Txdlv gdv vhjxlqwhv ixqêøhv srghp uhsuhvhqwdu d ixqêær ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh gh xpd y1d1=

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41 Txdo d uhodêær hqwuh @ h KB

51 Vh K : f/ ghwhuplqh r ydoru gh K txdqgr @ '  h fdofxoh/ frp hvwhv ydoruhv/ d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gd y1d1 f 1

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41 Yhultxh vh s srgh vhu xpd ixqêær ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh gh f 1

51 Ghwhuplqh d uhvshfwlyd ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær

H{hufðflr 514: f ì xpd yduläyho dohdwöuld frp d vhjxlqwh ixqêær ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh=

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41 Ghwhuplqh &/ mxvwlfdqgr

51 Ghwhuplqh d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gh f

61 3dofxoh  EfD f  2 D dwudyìv gd ixqêær ghqvlgdgh gh suredelol gdgh gh f

71 3dofxoh  Ef *f  f2D dwudyìv gd ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gh f

51 Xvdqgr d ixqêær ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh ghqlgd qd doðqhd dqwhulru/ suryh txh sdud txdlvtxhu rc | : f vh yhulfd

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41 Ghwhuplqh d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær h hverfh r vhx juäfr

51 Ghwhuplqh d hvshudqêd pdwhpäwlfd h d ydulåqfld

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41 Ghwhuplqh @ 1

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71 Ghwhuplqh d hvshudqêd pdwhpäwlfd h d ydulåqfld

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51 3dofxoh 

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61 Ghwhuplqh d hvshudqêd pdwhpäwlfd h d ydulåqfld

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41 Vdehqgr txh .dfo ' (^) D / ghwhuplqh @ h K

51 Ghwhuplqh d ixqêær gh glvwulexlêær gh f

61 3dofxoh 

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51 3dofxoh  Ef : D

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41 Ghwhuplqh d uhvshfwlyd ixqêær ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh

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61 3dofxoh .dfo

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