1187 - brics - studies - and - documents, Notas de estudo de Diplomacia

Baixe 1187 - brics - studies - and - documents e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Diplomacia, somente na Docsity!

coleção

Relações Internacionais

BRICS

Studies and Documents

M inistry of foreign A ffAirs

Minister of State Aloysio Nunes Ferreira Secretary General Ambassador Marcos Bezerra Abbott Galvão

A lexAndre de gusMão foundAtion

The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG) was established in 1971 as a public foundation linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a goal to provide civil society with information concerning global issues and the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The mission of the Foundation is to foster awareness of domestic public opinion regarding international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy.

President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima

Institute of Research on International Relations

Director Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Center for Diplomatic History and Documentation

Deputy Director Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Junior

Editorial Board of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation

President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima

Members Ambassador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Ambassador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Junior Ambassador José Estanislau do Amaral Souza Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida Minister Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Minister Mauricio Carvalho Lyrio Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato

Publishing rights reserved to the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170-900 Brasília–DF Phone: (61) 2030-6033/ Fax: (61) 2030- 9125 Website: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: funag@funag.gov.br

Technical Staff: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Luiz Antônio Gusmão

Printed in Brazil Originally published as BRICS - Estudos e Documentos ©Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2017

Translation: Pangea Idiomas Revision: Paul Sekscenski Graphic Design: Daniela Barbosa Visual Planning and Layout: Gráfica e Editora Ideal

B849 BRICS : studies and documents / Renato Baumann ... [et al.]. – Brasília : FUNAG,

350 p. ‑ (Coleção relações internacionais) ISBN 978‑85.7631.666‑ 4

1. Agrupamento Brasil‑Rússia‑Índia‑China‑África do Sul (BRICS). 2. Relações internacionais. 3. Bloco econômico. 4. Cooperação econômica internacional. 5. Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (NBD). 6. Arranjo Contingente de Reservas (ACR). 7. Cúpula do BRICS (6. , 2014, Fortaleza, CE). I. Baumann, Renato. II. Série. CDU 339.92(1‑773)

Printed in Brazil 2017

Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004.

FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH EDITION

The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation has been organizing projects to contribute to the research and debate on topics related to the international agenda of Brazil. One of these topics concerns the grouping of countries known as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). The Foundation’s research on this association has thus far resulted in publications such as: Brazil, BRICS and the International Agenda , and Debating BRICS. These 2013 publications arose from round-table discussions, seminars, and articles written by scholars, businessmen, diplomats, and opinion makers from Brazil and the other member-countries in the group. Debating BRICS started the compilation of the joint statements of the annual BRICS summits that began after the ministerial meeting in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2008. Its goal was to facilitate a more thorough study of the subject. In 2011, FUNAG edited the BRICS Bibliographical Catalog , an unpublished work in Portuguese and English that presents a set of core readings to understand the five countries that compose the intergovernmental grouping.

collection of articles that seeks to meet the demand for information, while supplying current and comprehensive perceptions on items of strategic interest to the international agenda of Brazil, with a special emphasis on global governance. In addition to the thematic essays, the reader will find a consolidated compilation of all joint BRICS communiqués, including the Fortaleza Summit, which will meet the expectations of scholars and researchers, as well as the general public.

In March 2014, FUNAG collaborated with the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), in Rio de Janeiro, on the organization of the BRICS’ Think Tanks Council, as well as the Academic Forum. 3 Together with IPEA, FUNAG co-edited The Sixth BRICS Academic Forum , which collected the texts discussed during the meetings of think tanks, research centers and academic representatives from the five member countries in Rio. This publication in English can also be downloaded for free from FUNAG’s Digital Library.

In April 2014, in the midst of preparations for the Sixth BRICS Summit, FUNAG and the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a seminar, in partnership with the University of Fortaleza, called “BRICS Expectations for the Sixth Summit.” It was an initiative with broad impact that included the participation of Ambassadors from Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The event contributed to an understanding of the historical importance of the summit to be held in July of that year, in Fortaleza, by the heads of state and government of countries that represented 42% of the world’s population. This and other socio-economic indexes reinforced the perception of the degree of representativeness and legitimacy of actions taken by the BRICS, as well as their potential influence on

3 The Academic Forum stemmed from a proposal made by Brazil on April 15, 2010 during the summit of what was then called the BRICs countries (the capital “S” was added to the acronym in 2011 with the formal accession of South Africa to the group). The 2010 summit was held in Brasília.

humanity’s destiny. For all of these reasons, the BRICS countries are seen as necessary partners when discussing global issues of high importance.

With the same principle of disseminating Brazilian foreign policy and helping to shape a public opinion sensitive to the problems of international co-existence, FUNAG, together with the Armando Alvares Penteado Foundation and the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, held a seminar entitled “An Evaluation of the Sixth BRICS Summit: Results and Expectations” in Sao Paulo, in October 2014. At that seminar, discussions co-chaired by the then president of the China-Brazil Business Council, Ambassador Sergio Amaral, took place, with the participation of diplomatic negotiators, scholars, experts and opinion-makers. In addition to institutional and financial issues – such as those surrounding the New Development Bank, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement – political issues were also discussed, including such topics as: intra-BRICS coordination; areas of cooperation; outreach with South American countries; interpersonal contacts within the Academic and Business Forums; and matters related to inclusive growth and sustainable solutions.

The Fortaleza Summit consolidated the understanding that the BRICS form a center of diplomatic articulation capable of creating social and economic structural changes that affect the international system. The results of the meeting have shown the complexity of the dialogue, mutual trust, and the ability to act together. In an assessment by Ambassador Graça Lima, the meeting represented a “milestone in the course of consolidating the organization and it was one of the most successful high-level meetings” 4 that he has attended.

This book published by FUNAG, BRICS – Studies and Documents , was organized in 2015 with the purpose of continuing the analysis

4 GRACA LIMA, op. cit, p. 11.

them are advanced; the dearth in literature on issues of interest to the BRICS – as well as the international community – is at least partially filled; and incentives are provided to future scholars and researchers, to conduct new studies, in order to further deepen the discussion regarding this association, its member countries, and their joint actions.

Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima

CONTENTS

Foreword .................................................................................................... 15 José Humberto de Brito Cruz

BRICS: Opportunity and Challenge for the International Insertion of Brazil ........................................................... 21 Renato Baumann

Previous History: From the Market Acronym to the Political-Diplomatic Dialogue ............................................................... 53 Flávio Damico

The New Development Bank and the Institutionalization of the BRICS.......................................................... 77 Adriana Erthal Abdenur Maiara Folly

Vision or Mirage? The Development Bank and Reserve Arrangement on the BRICS’ Horizon................................. 113 Carlos Márcio Cozendey

BRICS: Approaches to a Dynamic Process ....................................... 137 Renato G. Flôres Jr.

Postface .................................................................................................... 151 Kenneth Félix Haczynski da Nóbrega

• Annex A – Statements by Leaders and Action Plans
  • BRIC Countries Leaders First Summit: Joint Statement of the
  • Yekaterinburg, June 16,
  • Second Summit: Joint Statement
  • Brasilia, April 16,
  • Third Summit: Sanya Declaration and Action Plan
  • Sanya, April 14,
  • Fourth Summit: New Delhi Declaration and Action Plan
  • New Delhi, March 29,
  • Fifth Summit: eThekwini Declaration and Action Plan
  • Durban, March 27,
  • Sixth Summit: Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan
  • Fortaleza, July 15,
• of BRICS Leaders at G20 Annex B – Media Notes on the Informal Meetings
  • Leaders ahead of the G20 Summit in Los Cabos Media Note on the Informal Meeting of BRICS
  • Los Cabos, June 18,
  • Leaders ahead of the G20 Summit in St. Petersburg Media Note on the Informal Sidelines Meeting of BRICS
  • St. Petersburg, September 5,
  • on the occasion of the G20 Summit in Brisbane Media Note on the Informal Meeting of BRICS Leaders
  • Brisbane, November 15,
• Ministers of Foreign Affairs Annex C – Press Communiqués from
  • BRICS Foreign Affairs Ministers’ Meeting
  • Yekaterinburg, May 16,
  • Meeting of Foreign Affairs Ministers
  • New York, September 24,
  • Meeting of Foreign Affairs Ministers
  • New York, September 22,
  • Meeting of Foreign Affairs Ministers
  • New York, September 24,
  • Meeting of BRICS Foreign Affairs Ministers
  • New York, September 26,
  • Meeting of BRICS Foreign Affairs Ministers
  • New York, September 26,
  • Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague BRICS Ministers Meet on the Sidelines of the
  • The Hague, March 24,
  • Press Release on the Meeting of BRICS Foreign Ministers
  • New York, September 25,
• Annex D – Other Documents..........................................................
  • Agreement on the New Development Bank
  • Fortaleza, July 15,
  • Agreed Minutes of the BRICS Ministerial Meeting
  • Fortaleza, July 15,
  • Contingent Reserve Arrangement Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS
• Fortaleza, July 15,

16

José Humberto de Brito Cruz

five analytical articles by scholars and diplomats with expertise in the subject were assembled.

In the first article, Renato Baumann, the Director of Studies on Economic and International Policy Relations at the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), reviews the reasons that alternate between an optimistic perspective on the prospects of joint actions taken by the BRICS, to one of concern and pessimism. He also examines aspects that negatively affect Brazil’s exports to its partners in the group, including the higher value-added sectors. Additionally, Baumann discusses trends in intra-BRICS investment flows, recognizing a possibly undesirable pattern of predominance in investments aimed at the exploitation of natural resources. He also points out the importance of joint action taken on a multilateral level by the five countries, and the progress of such initiatives as the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).

From a historical perspective, Flávio Damico, the Director of the Department of Inter-Regional Mechanisms within the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, explores factors that help to understand the growing presence of the BRICS in the global governance scenario, particularly in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. This author is cautious to note that the importance of the BRICS international presence is not restricted to the economic and financial arena. From this perspective, he examines the results accumulated throughout the first cycle of the BRICS summits and the perspectives opened at the Fortaleza Summit, in July 2014. Damico also pays attention to three areas of overriding concern to the BRICS: the need for greater representation in global governance structures, the scarcity of resources to finance infrastructure projects, and the volatility of the international economy. In particular, he highlights the importance of the creation of the New Development Bank (NDB)

17

Foreword

and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) for the group’s identity consolidation and for progress in its institutionalization.

The analysis of Adriana Abdenur and Maiara Folly – both from the BRICS Policy Center at the Pontifical Catholic University, in Rio de Janeiro – focuses on the institutionalization process of the group. The two authors examine that process in three dimensions: the creation of a coherent “bureaucracy”; the degree of social “embeddedness”; and the consolidation of a “normative platform” capable of having an impact on a global level. Their article presents an overview of the academic literature on the BRICS, a group the authors characterize as “anti-hegemonic” but not “anti-Western.” They also believe that the group is not destined to have a systemic breakdown. Abdenur and Folly further say that the group focuses on financial cooperation for the purpose of development, because cooperation represents the “path of least resistance.” Concerning the potential for the group’s institutionalization, especially in light of the creation of the New Development Bank, the authors say the prospects are more solid in the first two dimensions – a coherent bureaucracy and social inclusion – yet they are more subject to question at the normative level. Finally, the authors also recommend that in order to achieve a deeper institutionalization with a variety of facets, the BRICS’ authorities should seek a diversification of the group’s agenda beyond strictly financial matters.

The article by Carlos Márcio Cozendey, the Undersecretary General for Economic and Financial Affairs, in the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, provides us with the perspective of one whose experience came from a direct involvement in the negotiations that led to the creation of both the NDB and the CRA, thereby offering valuable insight for a better appreciation of the meaning of these initiatives. In the case of the NDB, Cozendey highlights the fact that the new institution is a response to the lack of financial resources

19

Foreword

overcome shallow impressions, such as the idea that the diversity among the five countries is an insurmountable obstacle to their success. Counteracting the skeptics, the BRICS group has been leaving its mark in the international arena. The interest alone that the organization inspires, suggests that it is fulfilling a real demand, one related to the ongoing processes transforming the international scene.

Almost everything that is new faces resistance from both cognitive bias and the inertia of intellectual paradigms. New or recent objects of study tend to lay traps for analysts. In the face of innovation, there is the ever present risk that analysts may be blinded to the need to question assumptions, leading them to believe they can interpret new texts with outdated codes. On the other hand, as with the general law of action and reaction, every new center of power tends to confront the established centers of power.

Add political resistance to cognitive inertia, and one can have an idea of the difficulties of understanding the new phenomenon of the BRICS – the quintessential expression of power diffusion and transition to a multi-polar world. The precise merit of the five articles published herein is to seek, each in its own way, an understanding of the “new” in all its novelty, thereby contributing to an objective assessment of the BRICS political significance.

To facilitate the reader’s examination of this subject matter, we have also assembled in this single publication a collection of key documents that register the deliberations or results of the work carried out by the BRICS – from the communiqué of the first meeting of foreign ministers held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2008, up to the legal instruments related to the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Agreement, established at the 2014 meeting in Fortaleza, Brazil.

20

José Humberto de Brito Cruz

Readers will find essential information and concepts within this book that can be used to form their own assessments of the “BRICS phenomenon.” They will also find approaches and perspectives that can lead to a better understanding of the importance of this group, not only on a global level, but also on one specifically related to current Brazilian foreign policy, as well as policies designed for the country’s future insertion in the world.

José Humberto de Brito Cruz 2 Brasilia, June 2015

2 Director of the Institute for Research on International Relations (IPRI).