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QDJC=QDJC= 1.7 Dstrugturc ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc1.7 Dstrugturc ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc 1.7.3Ddggibh y adijitcgi÷h adtdjc1.7.3Ddggibh y adijitcgi÷h ad tdjc 1.7.; bkmdtivbs1.7.; bkmdtivbs 1.7.7 bgcizcgi÷h, sddggi÷h y cgbpib ad ihfbrjcgi÷h ad aifdrdhtds fudhtds1.7.7bgcizcgi÷h, sddggi÷h y cgbpib ad ihfbrjcgi÷h ad aifdrdhtds fudhtds 1.7.1 aisdób addsqudjc ad trckcmb (tdjcrib tdhtctivb)1.7.1 aisdób ad dsqudjc ad trckcmb (tdjcrib tdhtctivb) 1.7.4 sistdjctizcgi÷h ad ihfbrjcgi÷h dh bs aivdrsbs tipbs ad figncs1.7.4 sistdjctizcgi÷h ad ihfbrjcgi÷h dhbs aivdrsbs tipbs ad figncs 1.7.6 brechizcgi÷h adfigndrb1.7.6 brechizcgi÷h ad figndrb 1.7.5 gbhstitugi÷h ÷eigc ad cpcrctb gritigb (usb ad fudhtds rdfdrdhgicds utiizcacs gbjb1.7.5 gbhstitugi÷h ÷eigc ad cpcrctb gritigb (usb ad fudhtds rdfdrdhgicds utiizcacs gbjb fuhacjdhtb, gitcs tdxtucdsfuhacjdhtb, gitcs tdxtucds 1.7.> Dckbrcgi÷h ad ihfbrjd dh kbrrcabr1.7.> Dckbrcgi÷h ad ihfbrjd dh kbrrcabr 1.7.9 gbrrdggibhds1.7.9 gbrrdggibhds
1.7 Dstrugturc ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc1.7 Dstrugturc ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc Ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc= Ds uh prbgdaijidhtb gidhtêfigb y sistdjãtigb ad ihacecgi÷h,Ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc= Ds uh prbgdaijidhtb gidhtêfigb y sistdjãtigb ad ihacecgi÷h, rdgbdrdgbdggi÷h, brechizcgggi÷h, brechizcgi÷h, ihtdrprdtci÷h, ihtdrprdtcgi÷h ygi÷h y prdsdhtprdsdhtcgi÷h adcgi÷h ad actbs dactbs d ihfbrjihfbrjcgi÷h crdadabr adcgi÷h crdadabr ad uhuh adtadtdrjidrjihcabhcab tdjtdjc,c, kcsckcscabab dhdh dd chãchãisisisis adad abguabgujdhjdhtbstbs,, dstdstbsbs pudapudadhdh sdr=sdr= kikkikibiberãferãfigbigbss (dsgritbs), erãfigbs (erckcabs, jcpcs), cuaibvisucds (aisgbs, pdêgucs) y btrbs (judstrcs). _csbs(dsgritbs), erãfigbs (erckcabs, jcpcs), cuaibvisucds (aisgbs, pdêgucs) y btrbs (judstrcs). _csbs ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc.ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h abgujdhtc.
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ijitcgi÷h ad prbkdjc3. Adijitcgi÷h adprbkdjc ;. [dgbdggi÷h adc ihfbrjcgi÷h;. [dgbdggi÷h adc ihfbrjcgi÷h - Brechizcgi÷h ad
bs actbs7. Brechizcgi÷h adbs actbs - Chã
isis adbs actbs y brechizcgi÷h ad c jbhbercfêc1. Chãisis ad bs actbs y brechizcgi÷h adc jbhbercfêc - [dacggi÷h ad
c jbhbercfêc d ihfbrjd adc ihvdstiecgi÷h4. [dacggi÷h ad c jbhbercfêc d ihfbrjd adc ihvdstiecgi÷h _csb 3_csb 3. Adijitcgi÷h ad prbkdjc= Gbhsistd dh pchtdcr, ad jchdrc gcrc, prdgisc y. Adijitcgi÷h adprbkdjc= Gbhsistd dh pchtdcr, ad jchdrc gcrc, prdgisc y gbhgrdtc, dtdjc bkmdtb adc ihvdstiecgi÷h, c situcgi÷h b gbhtdxtb adhtrb ad qud dstãgbhgrdtc, dtdjc bkmdtb adc ihvdstiecgi÷h, c situcgi÷h b gbhtdxtb adhtrb ad qud dstã dhjcrgcab dtrckcmb b prbkdjc y ddhfbqud qud sdd vc c acr ctrckcmb. _rbgdaijidhtbs=dhjcrgcab d trckcmb b prbkdjc y d dhfbqud qud sd d vc c acr c trckcmb. _rbgdaijidhtbs= •Fbrjucgi÷h ad tdjc•Fbrjucgi÷h ad tdjc •Nip÷tdsis ad trckcmb•Nip÷tdsis ad trckcmb •_rbp÷sitb ad c ihvdstiecgi÷h•_rbp÷sitb adc ihvdstiecgi÷h •Jcrgb gbhgdptucad rdfdrdhgic•Jcrgb gbhgdptuc ad rdfdrdhgic
_csb ;_csb ; Cgbpib ad c ihfbrjcgi÷h= D ihvdstiecabr cguad c cs fudhtds airdgtcs adCgbpib adc ihfbrjcgi÷h= Dihvdstiecabr cguad ccs fudhtds airdgtcs ad ihihfbrfbrjcjcgigi÷h,÷h, vivisisitctc kikikkibibtdtdgcgcs,s, sisititibsbs adad ihihtdtdrésrés,, pãpãeieihchcss wdwdk,k, abhabhadad pupudaddad bkbktdtdhdhdrr cc ihihfbrfbrjcjcgigi÷h÷h rdrdqudqudririacac pcpcrcrc cc gbjgbjpipiccgigi÷h÷h adad uhcuhc kikikkibiberercfêcfêcc ededhdrhdrcc sbksbkrdrd dd tdtdjcjc.. _rbgdaijidhtbs=_rbgdaijidhtbs= •Wddggi÷h ad rdpdrtbrib kikiberãfigb y btrcs fudhtds ad gbhsutc•Wddggi÷h ad rdpdrtbrib kikiberãfigb y btrcs fudhtds ad gbhsutc •@dgturc adjctdric sddggibhcab•@dgturc ad jctdricsddggibhcab •Dckbrcgi÷h ad figncs kikiberãfigcs•Dckbrcgi÷h ad figncs kikiberãfigcs _csb 7_csb 7 Brechizcgi÷h ad bs actbs= Wd adkd brechizcr uh figndrb ad trckcmb qud pdrjitcBrechizcgi÷h adbs actbs= Wd adkd brechizcr uh figndrb ad trckcmb qud pdrjitc gcsifigcrc ihfbrjcgi÷h pcrc su pbstdribr mdrcrquizcgi÷h d ihtdrprdtcgi÷h dh fuhgi÷h ad cgcsifigcr c ihfbrjcgi÷h pcrc su pbstdribr mdrcrquizcgi÷h d ihtdrprdtcgi÷h dh fuhgi÷h adc nip÷tdsis ad trckcmb. _rbgdaijidhtbs=nip÷tdsis ad trckcmb. _rbgdaijidhtbs= •Brechizcgi÷h adcrgnivb ad trckcmb•Brechizcgi÷h ad crgnivb ad trckcmb •Gcsifigcgi÷h adc ihfbrjcgi÷h•Gcsifigcgi÷h adc ihfbrjcgi÷h •Gbaifigcgi÷h y mdrcrquizcgi÷h•Gbaifigcgi÷h y mdrcrquizcgi÷h _csb 1_csb 1 ChChããisisisis adad bbss acactbtbss yy brebrechichizczcgigi÷h÷h adad cc jbjbhbhbercercfêfêc=c=DhDh dstdstdd pcpcsb,sb, dd ihvdstiecabr dstrugturc y brechizc bs actbs bktdhiabs dh uh dsqudjc qudd pdrjitirã dihvdstiecabr dstrugturc y brechizcbs actbs bktdhiabs dh uh dsqudjc qud d pdrjitirã d adscrrbb ad `c jbhbercfêc sbkrd d` tdjc trctcab, Ds cquê guchab sdóc`c `bs prbgdaijidhtbs adadscrrbb ad c jbhbercfêc sbkrd d tdjc trctcab, Ds cquê guchab sdóccbs prbgdaijidhtbs ad chãisis d ihtdrprdtcgi÷h adbs actbs _rbgdaijidhtbs=chãisis d ihtdrprdtcgi÷h adbs actbs _rbgdaijidhtbs= •Vciacgi÷h adc ihfbrjcgi÷h•Vciacgi÷h adc ihfbrjcgi÷h •Wddggi÷h adbs actbs•Wddggi÷h adbs actbs •Dckbrcgi÷h ad dsqudjc fihc•Dckbrcgi÷h addsqudjc fihc •Chãisis y brechizcgi÷h adbs rdsutcabs•Chãisis y brechizcgi÷h ad bs rdsutcabs _csb 4_csb 4 [dacggi÷h ad c jbhbercfêc. Cgbrad c pch dckbrcab sbkrd c dstrugturc fihc ad[dacggi÷h adc jbhbercfêc. Cgbrad cpch dckbrcab sbkrdc dstrugturc fihcad trckcmb, sd prdsdhtch bs rdsutcabs y ncczebs sbkrd d` tdjc y sd ach c gbhbgdr `cs gbhg`usibhdstrckcmb, sd prdsdhtch `bs rdsu`tcabs y ncczebs sbkrd dtdjc y sd ach c gbhbgdrcs gbhgusibhds c qud ``de÷ d ihvdstiecabr. _rbgdaijidhtbs=c qud de÷ d` ihvdstiecabr. _rbgdaijidhtbs= [dacgtcr cp`igchab=[dacgtcr cp`igchab= •D`djdhtbs fbrjc`ds y dstétigbs ad `c jbhbercfêc•D`djdhtbs fbrjc`ds y dstétigbs ad `c jbhbercfêc •D`djdhtbs dstrugturc`ds•D`djdhtbs dstrugturc`ds •_rbgdaijidhtbs pcrc `c rdacggi÷h y prdsdhtcgi÷h ad `c jbhbercfêc.•_rbgdaijidhtbs pcrc `c rdacggi÷h y prdsdhtcgi÷h ad `c jbhbercfêc. •Hbrjcs C_C•Hbrjcs C_C _rb_rbgdagdaijijididhthtbsbs adad pcpcsbsb adad cc ihihvdsvdstitiececgigi÷h÷h ababgujgujdhdhtctc.. AdAdiijijitctcgigi÷h÷h adad`` tdtdjcjc==
•Chcizcr ihvdstiecgibhds yc rdcizcac•Chcizcr ihvdstiecgibhds yc rdcizcac
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sbh juy ihtdrdschtds pbrqud cadjãs ad prbpbhdr sus tdjcs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h, dh bgcsibhds dechsbh juy ihtdrdschtds pbrqud cadjãs ad prbpbhdr sus tdjcs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h, dh bgcsibhdsdech c cpbrtcr bs rdgursbs dgbh÷jigbs hdgdscribs pcrc ``dvcr cadchtd dprbgdsb ad ihvdstiecgi÷h.c cpbrtcrbs rdgursbs dgbh÷jigbs hdgdscribs pcrc dvcr cad`chtd d` prbgdsb ad ihvdstiecgi÷h. @bs gdhtrbs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h=@bs gdhtrbs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h= jugncs ad `cs uhivdrsiacads tidhd gdhtrbs ad ihvdstiecgi÷hjugncs ad `cs uhivdrsiacads tidhd gdhtrbs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h abhad sd kusgc vdhdrcr y adscrrbcr êhdcs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h dh su rdspdgtivc aisgipihc.abhad sd kusgc vdhdrcr y adscrrbcr `êhdcs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h dh su rdspdgtivc aisgip`ihc. @c prãgtigc prbfdsibhc`=@c prãgtigc prbfdsibhc`= Ds uh kudh dspcgib si sd ds uh prbfdsibhc` grêtigb y gbh adsdbsDs uh kudh dspcgib si sd ds uh prbfdsibhc` grêtigb y gbh adsdbs ad cpbrtcr cad cpbrtcr c `c aisgipc aisgipihc prbpic.ihc prbpic. Jugncs adcs cgtiviacadJugncs ad cs cgtiviacads prbfdsibhcds prbfdsibhcds cgtucds ihguyds cgtucds ihguydhhcc rdcizcgi÷h ad ihvdstiecgibhds, dhgcjihcacs c rdsbvdr prbkdjcs gbhgrdtbs ad c brechizcgi÷hrdcizcgi÷h ad ihvdstiecgibhds, dhgcjihcacs c rdsbvdr prbkdjcs gbhgrdtbs ad c brechizcgi÷h dhc qud sd ckbrc.dhc qud sd ckbrc. @c dxpdridhgic ihaiviauc=@c dxpdridhgic ihaiviauc= gcac pdrsbhc, sih prbpbhérsdb, trbpidzc jugncs vdgds gbhgcac pdrsbhc, sih prbpbhérsdb, trbpidzc jugncs vdgds gbh ihtdrrbechtds cgdrgc ad su aisgipihc dh pcrtigucr b sbkrd d qudncgdr ad c gidhgic dh edhdrc,ihtdrrbechtds cgdrgc ad su aisgipihc dh pcrtigucr b sbkrd dqudncgdr adc gidhgic dh edhdrc, qud kidh pudadh sdr tdjcs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h.qud kidh pudadh sdr tdjcs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h. _crtigipcgi÷h cgtivc dh gbhfdrdhgics, gbherdsbs, aisgusibhds y adjãs fbrjcs ad_crtigipcgi÷h cgtivc dh gbhfdrdhgics, gbherdsbs, aisgusibhds y adjãs fbrjcs ad dxpbsigi÷h y rdfdxi÷h ad tdjcsdxpbsigi÷h y rdfdxi÷h ad tdjcs= ds usuc dh dstbs dvdhtbs cgcaéjigbs qud bs dxpbsitbrds y= ds usuc dh dstbs dvdhtbs cgcaéjigbs qud `bs dxpbsitbrds y
btrcs pdrsbhcs adpýkigb pchtddh ceuhcs rdfdxibhds qud pudadh gbhvdrtirsd dh tdjcs u bkmdtbbtrcs pdrsbhcs ad pýkigb pchtddh ceuhcs rdfdxibhds qud pudadh gbhvdrtirsd dh tdjcs u bkmdtb ad ihvdstiecgi÷h.ad ihvdstiecgi÷h. @c dgturc rdfdxivc y grêtigc@c dgturc rdfdxivc y grêtigc= bsikrbs, rdvistcs dspdgicizcacs y adjãs abgujdhtbs=bs ikrbs, rdvistcs dspdgicizcacs y adjãs abgujdhtbs qud pchtdch rdfdxibhds sbkrd c rdspdgtivc aisgipihc b qud sidhab ad btrc, cpbrtch c c prbpicqud pchtdch rdfdxibhds sbkrdc rdspdgtivc aisgipihc b qud sidhab ad btrc, cpbrtch cc prbpic aisgipihc tdjcs y gbhgdptbs ad ihtdrés.aisgipihc tdjcs y gbhgdptbs ad ihtdrés. Gritdribs pcrc gbhsiadrcr uhc iadc gbjb tdjc ad ihvdstiecgi÷h gidhtêfigc=Gritdribs pcrc gbhsiadrcr uhc iadc gbjb tdjc ad ihvdstiecgi÷h gidhtêfigc= HbHb dxistdhdxistdh gritdribsgritdribs ýhigbsýhigbs pcrcpcrc gbhsiadrcrgbhsiadrcr uhcuhc iadciadc gbjbgbjb fudhtdfudhtd adad ihvdstiecgi÷h.ihvdstiecgi÷h. WihWih djdjkckcrereb,b, ppchchtdtdcrcrdjdjbsbs cceueuhbhbss grgrititdrdribibss ququdd adadkdkdhh tdtdhdhdrsrsdd dhdh gugudhdhtctc.. @c@c iaiadcdc adadkdkd sdrsdr hbvdabschbvdabsc, dh dsdhgic pbrqud dtdjc hb sd nc trctcab bb nc siab juy pbgb, guchab sd, dh dsdhgic pbrqud dtdjc hb sd nc trctcab bb nc siab juy pbgb, guchab sd prbpbhdprbpbhd uhcuhc hudvchudvc fbrjcfbrjc adad ckbracrckbracr uhuh prbkdjcprbkdjc bb situcgi÷h.situcgi÷h. ThcThc kudhckudhc iadciadc adkdadkd kusgcrkusgcr gbhtrcstcr rdsutcabsgbhtrcstcr rdsutcabs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h chtdribrds dh btrbs gbhtdxtbs. Thc adtdrjihcac situcgi÷had ihvdstiecgi÷h chtdribrds dh btrbs gbhtdxtbs. Thc adtdrjihcac situcgi÷h jdrdgd sdr dstuaicajdrdgd sdr dstuaicac pbrc pbr bs creujdhtbs creujdhtbs qudbs qud sd dxpbhdh sbkrd csd dxpbhdh sbkrdc hdgdsihdgdsiaca yaca y c ijpbrtchc ijpbrtchgic adgic ad trctctrctcr dtdjc.r d tdjc. @c iadc gbhtri@c iadc gbhtrikuyd, b pudad gbhtrikuyd, b pudad gbhtrikuir, ckuir, c rdsbvdr uh prbkdjc dspdgêfigbrdsbvdr uh prbkdjc dspdgêfigb.. @c@c iaiadcdc dsds gbhgrdtcgbhgrdtc yy pdrtihdhtdpdrtihdhtd.. DstDstbb dsds jujuyy ijijpbpbrtrtchchtdtd pbpbrqurqudd dhdh jujugngncscs bgcbgcsisibhbhdsds sdsd prbpbhdhprbpbhdh iadcsiadcs adjcsicabadjcsicab edhdrcdsedhdrcds qudqud cadjãscadjãs hbhb sidjprdsidjprd sbhsbh pdrtihdhtdspdrtihdhtds pcrcpcrc adtdrjihcabadtdrjihcab gcjpb y aisgipihc ad sckdr. @c iadc rdspbhad c bsihdcjidhtbs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h ad cgcjpb y aisgipihc adsckdr. @c iadc rdspbhad cbs ihdcjidhtbs ad ihvdstiecgi÷h adc ihstitugi÷h cgcaéjigc dh abhad vc c rdcizcrsdc ihvdstiecgi÷h.ihstitugi÷h cgcaéjigc dh abhad vc c rdcizcrsdc ihvdstiecgi÷h.
Mustifigcgi÷h y adijitcgi÷h adc ihvdstiecgi÷hMustifigcgi÷h y adijitcgi÷h adc ihvdstiecgi÷h
Qbac ihvdstiecgi÷h dstã bridhtcac c c rdsbugi÷h ad ceýh prbkdjc< pbr gbhsieuidhtd, dsQbac ihvdstiecgi÷h dstã bridhtcac c c rdsbugi÷h ad ceýh prbkdjc< pbr gbhsieuidhtd, ds hdgdscrib mustifigcr b dxpbhdr bs jbtivbs qud jdrdgdhc ihvdstiecgi÷h. Csê jisjb, tcjkiéhhdgdscrib mustifigcr b dxpbhdr bs jbtivbs qud jdrdgdhc ihvdstiecgi÷h. Csê jisjb, tcjkiéh adkd adtdrjihcrsd su gukrijidhtb b aijdhsi÷h pcrc gbhbgdr su vickiiaca.adkd adtdrjihcrsd su gukrijidhtb b aijdhsi÷h pcrc gbhbgdr su vickiiaca. Mustifigcgi÷h prãgtigc=Mustifigcgi÷h prãgtigc= Wd gbhsiadrc qud uhc ihvdstiecgi÷h tidhd mustifigcgi÷h prãgtigc guchab su adscrrbb cyuacWd gbhsiadrc qud uhc ihvdstiecgi÷h tidhd mustifigcgi÷h prãgtigc guchab su adscrrbb cyuac c rdsbvdr uh prbkdjc b pbr b jdhbs prbpbhd dstrctdeics qud, ad cpigcrcs, gbhtrikuirêch cc rdsbvdr uh prbkdjc b pbrb jdhbs prbpbhd dstrctdeics qud, ad cpigcrcs, gbhtrikuirêch c rdsbvdrdsbvdrb.rb. Ds adgir, dxpiDs adgir, dxpigcr pbr qué dsgcr pbr qué ds gbhvdhigbhvdhidhtd dvdhtddvcr ccr c gckb c ihvdstigckbc ihvdstiecgi÷ecgi÷h yh y guãds sbhguãds sbh bs kdhdfigibs qud sd adrivcrãh ad d``c.bs kdhdfigibs qud sd adrivcrãh ad d``c. ThThcc ihihvdsvdstitiececgigi÷h÷h pupudaddad sdrsdr gbgbhvhvdhidhidhdhtdtd pbpbrr aiaivdrvdrsbsbss jbjbtitivbsvbs.. @b@b ququdd cceueuhbshbs gbhsiagbhsiadrch qud ds rddvchtd y adkd sdr ihvdstiedrch qud ds rddvchtd y adkd sdr ihvdstiecab, pcrc btrbs hb b ds.cab, pcrc btrbs hbb ds. Wih djkcreb, sd pudadWih djkcreb, sd pudad dstckdstckdgdr uhc sdrid addgdr uhc sdrid ad gritdgritdribs pcrc dvcucrc utiiribs pcrc dvcucr c utiiaca ad uhaca ad uh dstuadstuaib prbpudstb.ib prbpudstb. Dstbs gritdDstbs gritdribsribs dviadhtdjdhtd sbh fdxikds ydviadhtdjdhtd sbh fdxikds y ad hiheuhc jchdrc dxncustivbs.ad hiheuhc jchdrc dxncustivbs. _badjbs adgir qud guchtb jcybr_badjbs adgir qud guchtb jcybr hýjdrb ad rdspudstcs qud sd gbhtdstdh pbsitivc y sctisfcgtbricjdhtd, c ihvdstiecgi÷h tdharãhýjdrb ad rdspudstcs qud sd gbhtdstdh pbsitivc y sctisfcgtbricjdhtd,c ihvdstiecgi÷h tdharã
kcsds jãs s÷iacs pcrc mustifigcr su rdcizcgi÷h.kcsds jãs s÷iacs pcrc mustifigcr su rdcizcgi÷h. Gbhvdhidhgic= ²qué tch gbhvdhidhtd ds c ihvdstiecgi÷h2Gbhvdhidhgic= ²qué tch gbhvdhidhtd dsc ihvdstiecgi÷h [d[ddvcdvchgihgicc sbgisbgic=c= ²g²guãuãdsds susu rdrd`d`dvcvchghgicic pcpcrcrc huhudsdstrtrcc sbsbgigidadacaca2,2, ²q²quiuiéhéhdsds sdsd kdhdfigicrãhkdhdfigicrãh gbhgbh `bs`bs rdsu`tcabsrdsu`tcabs adad `c`c ihvdstiecgi÷h2,ihvdstiecgi÷h2, ²ad²ad quéqué jbab2,jbab2, ²qué²qué prbydggi÷hprbydggi÷h sbgic`sbgic` tidhd2tidhd Ijp`iIjp`igcgibhgcgibhdsds prãgtiprãgtigcs=gcs= ²c²cyuyuacacrãrã cc rdrdsbsb`v`vdrdr c`c`eýeýhh prprbkbk`d`djcjc prprãgãgtitigbgb2,2, ²t²tididhdhd ijp`igcgibhds trcsgdhadhtc`ds pcrc uhc cjp`ic ecjc ad prbk`djcs prãgtigbs2ijp`igcgibhds trcsgdhadhtc`ds pcrc uhc cjp`ic ecjc ad prbk`djcs prãgtigbs Vc`br td÷rigb=Vc`br td÷rigb= ²sd `bercrãdhcr ceýh nudgb2, ²sd pbarãh edhdrcizcr bs rdstcabs c²sdbercrã dhcr c`eýh nudgb2, ²sd pbarãh edhdrc`izcr `bs rdstcabs c prihgipibs jãsprihgipibs jãs cjp`ibs2, ²`ccjp`ibs2, ²`c ihfbrjcgi÷h qudihfbrjcgi÷h qud sd bktdhecsd bktdhec pudad sdrvirpudad sdrvir pcrc gbjdhtcr,pcrc gbjdhtcr, adscrrbcradscrrbcr b cpbycr uhc tdbrêc2, ²sd pbarã gbhbgdr dh jcybr jdaiac d` gbjpbrtcjidhtb ad uhc b jãsb cpbycr uhc tdbrêc2, ²sd pbarã gbhbgdr dh jcybr jdaiac d` gbjpbrtcjidhtb ad uhc b jãs vcrick`ds, b `c rd`cgi÷h dhtrd dcs2, ²bfrdgd c pbsikiiaca ad uhc dxpbrcgi÷h frugtêfdrc ad ceýhvcrickds, bc rdcgi÷h dhtrd d``cs2, ²bfrdgdc pbsikiiaca ad uhc dxpbrcgi÷h frugtêfdrc ad ceýh fdh÷jdfdh÷jdhb2, ²quéhb2, ²qué sd dspdrc sckdrsd dspdrc sckdr gbhbsgbh bs rdsutrdsutcabs qudcabs qud hb sdhb sd gbhbgigbhbgidrc chtds2, ²pudadh suedrirdrc chtds2, ²pudadh suedrir iadcs b nip÷tdsis pcrc futurbs dstuaibs2iadcs b nip÷tdsis pcrc futurbs dstuaibs Ttiiaca jdtbab÷eigc=Ttiiaca jdtbab÷eigc= ²pudad cyuacr c²pudad cyuacr c grdcr uhgrdcr uh hudvb ihstrujhudvb ihstrujdhtb pcrc rdgbdgtcr y/bdhtb pcrc rdgbdgtcr y/b chcizcr actbs2, ²cyuac c c adfihigi÷h ad uh gbhgdptb, vcrickd b rdcgi÷h dhtrd vcrickds2,chcizcr actbs2, ²cyuac cc adfihigi÷h ad uh gbhgdptb, vcrickd b rdcgi÷h dhtrd vcrickds2, ²pudadhbercrsd gbh dc jdmbrcs ad `c fbrjc ad dxpdrijdhtcr gbh uhc b jãs vcrick`ds2,²pudadh `bercrsd gbh dc jdmbrcs ad c fbrjc ad dxpdrijdhtcr gbh uhc b jãs vcrickds2, ²sueidrd g÷jb dstuaicr jãs cadgucacjdhtd uhc pbkcgi÷h2²sueidrd g÷jb dstuaicr jãs cadgucacjdhtd uhc pbkcgi÷h
Adijitcgi÷h adc ihvdstiecgi÷h=Adijitcgi÷h adc ihvdstiecgi÷h=
;. Bkmdtivbs dspdgêfigbs=;. Bkmdtivbs dspdgêfigbs= Wd adsprdhadh adedhdrc y adkdh sdr fbrjucabs ad fbrjc qudWd adsprdhadh ad edhdrcy adkdh sdr fbrjucabs ad fbrjc qud dstéh bridhtcabs cbkmdtivb edhdrc, ds adgir, qud gcac bkmdtivb dspdgêfigb dstãdstéh bridhtcabs cbkmdtivb edhdrc, ds adgir, qud gcac bkmdtivb dspdgêfigb dstã aisdócab pcrc bercr uh cspdgtb ad cqud, y tbabs dh su gbhmuhtb, c tbtciaca adbkmdtivbaisdócab pcrcbercr uh cspdgtb ad cqud, y tbabs dh su gbhmuhtb,c tbtciaca ad bkmdtivb edhdrc. @bs bkmdtivbs dspdgêfigbs sbhbs pcsbs qud sd rdcizcrãh pcrcbercr dbkmdtivb edhdrc.edhdrc. @bs bkmdtivbs dspdgêfigbs sbhbs pcsbs qud sd rdcizcrãh pcrcbercr dbkmdtivb edhdrc.
1.7.7@bgcizcgi÷h sddggi÷h y cgbpib ad ihfbrjcgi÷h ad aifdrdhtds fudhtds1.7.7@bgcizcgi÷h sddggi÷h y cgbpib ad ihfbrjcgi÷h ad aifdrdhtds fudhtds @c sddggi÷h y cgbpib ad ihfbrjcgi÷h Gbhsistd dh adtdgtcr y gbhsutcr c kikibercfêc y@c sddggi÷h y cgbpib ad ihfbrjcgi÷h Gbhsistd dh adtdgtcr y gbhsutcr c kikibercfêc y btrbs jctdricds qud pudadh sdr ýtids pcrc bs prbp÷sitbs ad dstuaib, csê gbjb dxtrcdr ybtrbs jctdricds qud pudadh sdr ýtids pcrc bs prbp÷sitbs ad dstuaib, csê gbjb dxtrcdr y rdgbpicrc ihfbrjcgi÷h rddvchtd y hdgdscric qud ctcód c hudstrb prbkdjc ad ihvdstiecgi÷h.rdgbpicrc ihfbrjcgi÷h rddvchtd y hdgdscric qud ctcód c hudstrb prbkdjc ad ihvdstiecgi÷h. Dstc rdvisi÷h ds sddgtivc pudstb qud gcacDstc rdvisi÷h ds sddgtivc pudstb qud gcac cób sdcób sd pukipukigch dhgch dh aivdrscaivdrscss pcrtds adjuhab gidhtbspcrtds ad juhab gidhtbs ad crtêguad crtêgubs adhtrbs adhtrbb adad cs aifdcs aifdrdhtrdhtdsds ãrdcãrdcss adgbhbgad gbhbgijiijidhtdhtb.b. Wi cWi c rdvirdviscr cscrc ititdrctdrcturcurc hbshbs dhdhgbgbhthtrcrcjbjbss gbhgbh qudqud,, dhdh dd ãrdãrdcc adad ihihtdtdrésrés ncncyy adadjcjcsisicacacscs rdfrdfdrddrdhghgicics,s, dsds dvidviadadhthtdd qudqud tdhardjbs qud sddggibhcr sbcjdhtd cs jãs ijpbrtchtds y rdgidhtds.tdhardjbs qud sddggibhcr sbcjdhtdcs jãs ijpbrtchtds y rdgidhtds.
Dxistdh 7 tipbs kãsigbs ad fudhtds ad ihfbrjcgi÷h pcrc dvcr c gckb `c bktdhgi÷h adDxistdh 7 tipbs kãsigbs ad fudhtds ad ihfbrjcgi÷h pcrcdvcr c gckb c bktdhgi÷h ad ihfbrjcgi÷h=ihfbrjcgi÷h= FudhtdsFudhtds prijcprijcrics=rics= sbsbhhbbss acactbtbss bkbktdtdhihiababss ‐a‐add prprijijdrdrcc jcjchbhb‚,‚, pbpbrr ddprprbpbpibib ihvdstiecabr b, dh d gcsb ad kýsqudac kikiberãfigc, pbr crtêgubs gidhtêfigbs, jbhbercfêcs, tdsis,ihvdstiecabr b, dh dgcsb ad kýsqudac kikiberãfigc, pbr crtêgubs gidhtêfigbs, jbhbercfêcs, tdsis,ikrbs b crtêgubs ad rdvistcs dspdgicizcacsikrbs b crtêgubs ad rdvistcs dspdgicizcacs brieihcdsbrieihcds, hb ihtdrprdtcabs., hb ihtdrprdtcabs. FudhtdsFudhtds sdguhacsdguhacrics=rics= gbhgbhsisiststdhdh dhdh cqcqudud````cscs qudqud ncnchh bkbktdtdhihiababcc ihihfbrfbrjcjcgigi÷h÷h ququdd prdsdhtchprdsdhtch adad uhcuhc fudhtdfudhtd prijcric,prijcric, yycc ihtdrprdtch,ihtdrprdtch, chcizchchcizch bb gbjpdhaich.gbjpdhaich. DhDh ddgcsbgcsb adad pdrsbhcs,pdrsbhcs, éstcs bktuvidrbhéstcs bktuvidrbhbs actbsbs actbs ad btrcad btrc fudhtd, huhgcfudhtd, huhgc adcad c dxpdridhgicdxpdridhgic b dstuaibb dstuaib airdgtb adairdgtb adtdjc u bkmdtb.tdjc u bkmdtb. Fudhtds tdrgicrics=Fudhtds tdrgicrics= sd trctcsd trctc ad abgujdhtbs qud gbjpdhaich hbjkrds y têtubs adad abgujdhtbs qud gbjpdhaich hbjkrds y têtubs ad rdvistrdvistcc y btrcs pukigcgibhds pdri÷aigcs, csê gbjb hbjkrds ad kbdtihds, gbhfdrdhgics y sijpbsibs<y btrcs pukigcgibhds pdri÷aigcs, csê gbjb hbjkrds ad kbdtihds, gbhfdrdhgics y sijpbsibs< hbjkrds ad djprdscs, csbgicgibhds ihaustricds y ad aivdrsbs sdrvigibs (pdrtihdhtds pcrc cshbjkrds ad djprdscs, csbgicgibhds ihaustricds y ad aivdrsbs sdrvigibs (pdrtihdhtds pcrc cs gidhgics adc gbhaugtc)< têtubs ad rdpbrtds gbh ihfbrjcgi÷h eukdrhcjdhtc, gctãbebs adikrbsgidhgics ad c gbhaugtc)< têtubs ad rdpbrtds gbh ihfbrjcgi÷h eukdrhcjdhtc, gctãbebs ad ikrbs kãsigbskãsigbs qudqud gbhtidhdhgbhtidhdh rdfdrdhgicsrdfdrdhgics yy actbactb kikiberãfigbs.kikiberãfigbs. WbhWbh ýtidsýtids pcrcpcrc adtdgtcradtdgtcr fudhtdsfudhtds hbhb abgabgujdujdhtchtcdsds adad csbgcsbgicgicgibhibhdsds gidgidhtêhtêfigcfigcs,s, ihsihstittitugiugibhdsbhds adad daudaugcggcgi÷hi÷h supsupdridribr,br, cedhcedhgicgicss ihfbrjctivcs y adpdhadhgics ad ebkidrhb qud dfdgtých ihvdstiecgibhds.ihfbrjctivcs y adpdhadhgics adebkidrhb qud dfdgtých ihvdstiecgibhds. @c rdvisi÷h adc itdrcturc pudad ihigicrsd airdgtcjdhtd dh d cgbpib ad cs fudhtds@c rdvisi÷h adc itdrcturc pudad ihigicrsd airdgtcjdhtd dh d cgbpib ad `cs fudhtds
prijcrics,prijcrics, situcgi÷hsitucgi÷h qudqud bgurrdbgurrd guchabguchab dd ihvdstiecabrihvdstiecabr gbhbgdgbhbgd cc bgcizcgi÷hbgcizcgi÷h adad éstcs,éstcs, sdsd
dhgudhtdhgudhtrc juy kidh fcjiicrc juy kidh fcjiicrizcab gbh dgcjpb ad dstuairizcab gbh d gcjpb ad dstuaib yb y tidhd cggdtidhd cggdsb c dcs.sb c dcs. Wih djkcreWih djkcreb,b, ds pbgb gbjýh qud dstb sugdac csê.ds pbgb gbjýh qud dstb sugdac csê. Yc iadhtifigcacs cs fudhtds prijcrics pdrtihdhtds ds hdgdscribbgcizcrcs fêsigcjdhtd dhYc iadhtifigcacs cs fudhtds prijcrics pdrtihdhtds ds hdgdscribbgcizcrcs fêsigcjdhtd dh cs kikibtdgcs, fijbtdgcs, ndjdrbtdgcs, viadbtdgcs, ihtdrhdt u btrbsuecrds abhad sd dhgudhtrdh<cs kikibtdgcs, fijbtdgcs, ndjdrbtdgcs, viadbtdgcs, ihtdrhdt u btrbsuecrds abhad sd dhgudhtrdh< y bktdhdrcs pcrc pbstdribrjdhtdy bktdhdrcs pcrc pbstdribrjdhtd gbhsutcrcs.gbhsutcrcs. Adsad udeb hbAdsadudeb hb sidjprd sd pudadh sidjprd sd pudadhbgcizcr tbacsbgcizcr tbacs cs fudhtds prijcrics, c vdgds hb sd aispbhd ad d``cs.cs fudhtds prijcrics, c vdgds hb sd aispbhd ad d``cs.\ GIQCQIBH Fuh P;?4> Z\ GIQCQIBH Fuh P ;?4> Z
1.7.1 aisdób addsqudjc ad trckcmb1.7.1 aisdób ad dsqudjc ad trckcmb Aiviad y vdhgdrãs ds uhc chtieuc jãxijc ad dfigcgic jivdgds prbkcac. QdhiéhabcAiviad y vdhgdrãs ds uhc chtieuc jãxijc ad dfigcgic jivdgds prbkcac. Qdhiéhabc prdsdhtd, uprdsdhtd, uhc vdzhc vdz qud ncycsqud ncycs sddggibhcab ysddggibhcab y adfihiab pdrfdgtcjdhtdadfihiab pdrfdgtcjdhtd dtdjcd tdjc cgdrgc adcgdrgc ad gucvcsguc vcs cc trckcmcr, b sieuidhtd ds pdhscr g÷jb ckbracrb= pcrc db ds ijpbrtchtd rdf`dxibhcr guã`ds sbh sustrckcmcr, `b sieuidhtd ds pdhscr g÷jb ckbracr`b= pcrc db ds ijpbrtchtd rdfdxibhcr guãds sbh sus pcrtdspcrtds prihgipcdsprihgipcds bb sussus gcrcgtdrêstigcsgcrcgtdrêstigcs jãsjãs siehifigctivcs,siehifigctivcs, qudqud sbhsbh bsbs t÷pigbst÷pigbs qudqud sdsd adkdhadkdh
ihvdstiecr y dsqudjctizcr dh uh aicercjc, usucjdhtd gbhbgiab gbjb dsqudjc.ihvdstiecr y dsqudjctizcr dh uh aicercjc, usucjdhtd gbhbgiab gbjb dsqudjc. Ddsqudjc rdsutc adjdaib ia÷hdb pcrc ``dvcr c gckb dstc hudvc tcrdc prdvic cDdsqudjc rdsutc adjdaib ia÷hdb pcrc ``dvcr c gckb dstc hudvc tcrdc prdvic c adscrrbb ad tu ihvdstiecgi÷h, pudstb qud rdf`dmc gbh g`criaca=adscrrbb ad tu ihvdstiecgi÷h, pudstb qud rdfdmc gbh gcriaca= @bs ddjdhtbs ihtderchtds ad gucquidr tdjc.@bs ddjdhtbs ihtderchtds ad gucquidr tdjc. @cs gcsds dh qud ds pbsikd cerupcr dstbs ddjdhtbs ad cgudrab c su hcturcdzc.@cs gcsds dh qud ds pbsikd cerupcr dstbs ddjdhtbs ad cgudrab c su hcturcdzc. @c rdcgi÷h mdrãrquigc qud adkd ijpdrcr tchtb dhtrdcs aivdrscs gcsds gbjb dhtrd@c rdcgi÷h mdrãrquigc qud adkd ijpdrcr tchtb dhtrd cs aivdrscs gcsds gbjb dhtrd cs gcrcgtdrêstigcs ad gcac uhb ad d``cs.cs gcrcgtdrêstigcs ad gcac uhb ad d``cs. Ddsqudjc gbhstituyd d pch ad ihvdstiecgi÷h, acab qud, pbr sdr uh rdeistrb pchbrãjigb,D dsqudjc gbhstituyd dpch ad ihvdstiecgi÷h, acab qud, pbr sdr uh rdeistrb pchbrãjigb, td pdrjitd pdrgikir rãpiacjdhtd=td pdrjitd pdrgikir rãpiacjdhtd=
@c tbtciaca ad tdjc y sus pcrtds ihtderchtds.@c tbtciaca ad tdjc y sus pcrtds ihtderchtds. Gbjb dstãh rdcgibhcacs dhtrd si dscs aivdrscs pcrtds.Gbjb dstãh rdcgibhcacs dhtrd si dscs aivdrscs pcrtds. Guãds sbhbs ddjdhtbs qud c su vdz ihtderch gcac uhc ad dscs pcrtds.Guãds sbh bs ddjdhtbs qud c su vdz ihtderch gcac uhc ad dscs pcrtds. Sué bradh adkd prdvcdgdr tchtb dhtrd aigncs pcrtds gbjb dhtrd ddjdhtbs qud csSué bradh adkd prdvcdgdr tchtb dhtrd aigncs pcrtds gbjb dhtrd ddjdhtbs qudcs gbgbhfbhfbrjrjchch,, adad cgcgudrudrabab gbgbhh aiaivdvdrsbrsbss fcgfcgtbtbrdsrds ((cc grgrbhbhbbbebeêcêc,, cc pbpbêêtitigcgc,, cc dgdgbhbbhbjêjêc,c, cc edbercfêc, dtg.).edbercfêc, dtg.).
Dxistdh vcribs fbrjctbs ad dsqudjc, ad bs gucds bs jãs usucds sbh=Dxistdh vcribs fbrjctbs ad dsqudjc, ad bs gucds bs jãs usucds sbh= 3 3.. DD`` gguuccaarrbb ggbbhh ````ccvvddss..
6.6. CkrdCkrd gcac cvd b ihgisb hujérigb, dstb ds, gcac g`csd y sukg`csd, c pcrtir ad uhcgcaccvd b ihgisb hujérigb, dstb ds, gcac gcsd y sukgcsd, c pcrtir ad uhc adfihigi÷h qud cgcrdc hcturcdzc adbs ddjdhtbs qud gbhtidhd.adfihigi÷h qud cgcrd c hcturcdzc ad bs ddjdhtbs qud gbhtidhd. 5.5. BradhcBradhc mdrãrqumdrãrquigcjdigcjdhtdhtd cs aistihtcs ``cvds b ihgisbs hujérigbs, tbjchab dhcs aistihtcs cvds b ihgisbs hujérigbs, tbjchab dh gudhtc `c rd`cgi÷h qud eucrach dhtrd sê tchtb `cs aistihtcs g`csds gbjb `bs d`djdhtbs cerupcabsgudhtc `c rd`cgi÷h qud eucrach dhtrd sê tchtb `cs aistihtcs g`csds gbjb `bs d`djdhtbs cerupcabs adhtrb ad dcs.adhtrb ad d``cs.
1.7.4 Wistdjctizcgi÷h ad ihfbrjcgi÷h dh bs aivdrsbs tipbs ad figncs1.7.4 Wistdjctizcgi÷h ad ihfbrjcgi÷h dhbs aivdrsbs tipbs ad figncs
FIGNC AD GCJ_B=FIGNC AD GCJ_B= Wirvdh pcrc rdgbdgtcr ihfbrjcgi÷h sbkrdc pbkcgi÷h cWirvdh pcrc rdgbdgtcr ihfbrjcgi÷h sbkrd c pbkcgi÷h c ihvdstiecr chbtchab bs ndgnbs siehifigctivbs. Adkd irb sieuidhtd=ihvdstiecr chbtchab bs ndgnbs siehifigctivbs. Adkd irb sieuidhtd= μ Qdjc ad ihvdstiecgi÷hμ Qdjc ad ihvdstiecgi÷h μ Hbjkrd adihvdstiecabrμ Hbjkrd ad ihvdstiecabr μ Ihstitugi÷hμ Ihstitugi÷h μ @uecr, Fdgnc, Nbrcμ @uecr, Fdgnc, Nbrc μ Actbs ad c fudhtd (daca, sdxb, bgupcgi÷h)μ Actbs adc fudhtd (daca, sdxb, bgupcgi÷h) FIFIGNGNCC ADAD G[G[ÊQÊQIGIGC=C= Wirvdh pcrc rdgbedr cs bpihibhds gbhtrcrics ccs qud sdWirvdh pcrc rdgbedr cs bpihibhds gbhtrcrics ccs qud sd sbstidsbstidhdh dhhdh dh ddhd dh tdjc adqudtdjc ad qud sd dstc trctchab, tcjkiésd dstc trctchab, tcjkiéhh sihtdsihtdtizc ytizc y gritigritigc bsgcbs tdxtbtdxtbs bs b pãrrcfbspãrrcfbs ad cs fudhtds kikiberãfigcs qud sd utiizch dh d prbgdsb ad ihvdstiecgi÷h. (Adkd gbbgcrsd dh dad cs fudhtds kikiberãfigcs qud sd utiizch dh d prbgdsb ad ihvdstiecgi÷h. (Adkd gbbgcrsd dh d ãheub supdribr adrdgnbc pcckrc grêtigc pcrc hb gbhfuhairc gbh btrcs figncs)ãheub supdribr adrdgnbc pcckrc grêtigc pcrc hb gbhfuhairc gbh btrcs figncs) FIGNC AD WÊHQDWIW=FIGNC AD WÊHQDWIW= Ds c qud sd utiizc pcrc gbhsiehcr, dh pbgcs pcckrcs, d dxtrcgtbDs c qud sd utiizc pcrc gbhsiehcr, dh pbgcs pcckrcs, d dxtrcgtb adtdxtb gbhsutcab. Wd adkd tdhdr guiacab ad hb bjitir b tdreivdrscr dgbhtdhiab Hb dsad tdxtb gbhsutcab. Wd adkd tdhdr guiacab ad hb bjitir b tdreivdrscr d gbhtdhiab Hb ds hdgdscrib utiizcr uhc tcrmdtc dspdgic pcrc bs gbjdhtcribs pdrsbhcds cgdrgc ad c fudhtd, pudstbhdgdscrib utiizcr uhc tcrmdtc dspdgicpcrcbs gbjdhtcribs pdrsbhcds cgdrgc adc fudhtd, pudstb qud ds gbhvdhidhtd ihguirbs dh c jisjc fignc qudc rdeistrc. Wd dsgrikdh dhtrd gbrgndtdsqud ds gbhvdhidhtd ihguirbs dh c jisjc fignc qudc rdeistrc. Wd dsgrikdh dhtrd gbrgndtds abgujdhtb ad fbrjctb, b jdhbr ad ;4? pcckrcs hi jcybr ad 4?? pcckrcs (cprbxijcacjdhtd adabgujdhtb ad fbrjctb, b jdhbr ad ;4? pcckrcs hi jcybr ad 4?? pcckrcs (cprbxijcacjdhtd ad uhc c abs pãeihcs tcjcób gcrtc, c abkd dspcgib), gujpidhab gbh cs hbrjcs kãsigcs ad téghigcsuhc c abs pãeihcs tcjcób gcrtc, c abkd dspcgib), gujpidhab gbhcs hbrjcs kãsigcs ad téghigcs ad ihvdstiecgiad ihvdstiecgi÷h÷h abgujdabgujdhtc, gbhtdhidhtc, gbhtdhidhab= Dhhab= Dh ddhgckdzcab= hbjkrd add dhgckdzcab= hbjkrd ad c uhiaca, hbjkrdc uhiaca, hbjkrd adad cutbr b cutbrds ad c fignc, têtub ad c fignc. Dh d gudrpb ad c fignc= bkmdtivbs ad dsgritb,cutbr b cutbrds ad c fignc, têtub ad c fignc. Dh d gudrpb ad c fignc= bkmdtivbs ad dsgritb, dxpbsigi÷h ad chãisis ad tdjc b ad cs rdspudstcs adcs prdeuhtcs fbrjucacs dh d prbercjc addxpbsigi÷h ad chãisis ad tdjc b ad cs rdspudstcs adcs prdeuhtcs fbrjucacs dh d prbercjc ad trckcmb, b pbr tutbrds. @c fignc sêhtdsis ijpigc uh bkmdtivb dspdgêfigb ad chãisis dh tbrhb c ctrckcmb, b pbr tutbrds. @c fignc sêhtdsis ijpigc uh bkmdtivb dspdgêfigb ad chãisis dh tbrhb cc gucsd adscrrb``c uhc creujdhtcgi÷h krdvd.guc sd adscrrb``c uhc creujdhtcgi÷h krdvd.
3?3?
FIGNC AD [DWTJDH=FIGNC AD [DWTJDH= Gbhtidhd dh fbrjc ckrdvicac, bs cspdgtbs jãs ijpbrtchtds adGbhtidhd dh fbrjc ckrdvicac,bs cspdgtbs jãs ijpbrtchtds ad uh tdjc dstuaicab, b drdsujdh ad uhcdgturc .Ds ad erch utiiaca, yc qud cadjãs ad su fihuh tdjc dstuaicab, b d rdsujdh ad uhc dgturc .Ds ad erch utiiaca, yc qud cadjãs ad su fih prijbraicprijbraic adad fcgiitcrfcgiitcr dd cprdhaizcmdcprdhaizcmd adad cc jctdric,jctdric, dstcdstc pudadpudad caidstrcrcaidstrcr dhdh cc rdcgi÷hrdcgi÷h yy mdrcrquizcgi÷h admdrcrquizcgi÷h ad gbhgdptbs. Wdgbhgdptbs. Wd dhgckdzch gbhdhgckdzch gbh dtitub addtitub ad c siehcturcc siehcturc q qudq qud sd rdfidrdh,sd rdfidrdh, dtdjcd tdjc dspdgêfigb y uh hýjdrb qud pdrjitc brechizcrcs dh uh figndrb.dspdgêfigb y uh hýjdrb qud pdrjitc brechizcrcs dh uh figndrb. FIGNCW AD GBHQDHIABW QD^QTC@DW=FIGNCW AD GBHQDHIABW QD^QTC@DW= -[dgbedh gitcs tdxtucds. Thc gitc tdxtuc ds uhc trcsgripgi÷h dxcgtc y prdgisc ad uhc iadc-[dgbedh gitcs tdxtucds. Thc gitc tdxtuc ds uhc trcsgripgi÷h dxcgtc y prdgisc ad uhc iadc dxprdscacdxprdscac pbr uh cutbrpbr uh cutbr
- Adkdh gbhtdhdr uhc iadc siehifigctivc.- Adkdh gbhtdhdr uhc iadc siehifigctivc.
- DsDscc ihihfbrfbrjcjcgigi÷h÷h ncncyy qudqud trtrchchsgrsgrikikirirsdsd tctc`` yy gbgbjbjb cpcpcrcrdgddgd dhdh d
d tdtdxtxtbb brbrieieihihcc..
- Dxistdh rdgursbs fbrjc
ds qud pdrjitdh ihtrbaugir ceýh pdqudób gcjkib dh c fbrjc ad- Dxistdh rdgursbs fbrjcds qud pdrjitdh ihtrbaugir ceýh pdqudób gcjkib dhc fbrjc ad prdsdhtcr c gitc sih qud sd gcjkid d sdhtiab brieihcadc gitc.prdsdhtcr c gitc sih qud sd gcjkid d sdhtiab brieihcadc gitc. FIGNC AD [DGT[WB=FIGNC AD [DGT[WB= Wi dh dgbhtdhiab adc gitc cpcrdgd ceuhc ihgbrrdggi÷hWi dh d gbhtdhiab ad c gitc cpcrdgd ceuhc ihgbrrdggi÷h ihjdaictcjdhtd adspués ad c ihfbrjcgi÷h ncy qud pbhdr dhtrd gbrgndtds y dh gursivcc pcckrc.ihjdaictcjdhtd adspués adc ihfbrjcgi÷h ncy qud pbhdr dhtrd gbrgndtds y dh gursivc c pcckrc. Guchab sd trchsjitd dh c trchsgripgi÷h uhc b jãs pcckrcs ncy qud sustituircs pbr 7Guchab sd trchsjitd dhc trchsgripgi÷h uhc b jãs pcckrcs ncy qud sustituircs pbr 7 puhtbspuhtbs suspdhsivbs,suspdhsivbs, dstbdstb pudadpudad ncgdrsdncgdrsd sidjprdsidjprd yy guchabguchab cscs suprdsibhdssuprdsibhds adad cscs pcckrcspcckrcs hbhb ctdrdh d siehifigca adpãrrcfb qud sd gitc.ctdrdh dsiehifigca ad pãrrcfb qud sd gitc. FIGFIGNCNC QD^QD^QTCQTC@@ GB[GB[QC=QC= @c@css qud hbqud hb sbsbhh supsupdrdribibrdrdss cc 1?1? pcpccckrkrcs. Guchcs. Guchabab rdrdacacgtgtcjcjbsbs uhuh ttrcrckckcmbmb sdsd dsdsgrgriikdkdhh dhdhttrdrd gbgbjjii``ccss ababkkdsds iihthtdedercrcacacss dhdh dd ttdxdxttb.b. Wi uhc gitc tdxtucvc dhtrd gbji``cs y cWi uhc gitc tdxtuc vc dhtrd gbjics y c su vdz uhcsu vdz uhc pc`ckrc vc dhtrd gbjipcckrc vc dhtrd gbji``cs sdcs sd ncgd gcjkib adncgd gcjkib ad gbji``cs sdhgi``cs pbr frchgdscs.gbji``cs sdhgi``cs pbr frchgdscs. FIGNC QD^QTC@ @C[EC=FIGNC QD^QTC@ @C[EC= @cs qud tidhdh 1? b@cs qud tidhdh 1? b jãs pcckrcs.jãs pcckrcs. Wd dsgrikdh scherchabWd dsgrikdh scherchab d jcredh hbrjcadc izquidrac dh 4 dspcgibs y jchtdhidhab dsd hudvb jcredh ncstc fihcadcdjcredh hbrjc ad c izquidrac dh 4 dspcgibs y jchtdhidhab dsd hudvb jcredh ncstc fihc ad c gitc c dxgdpgi÷h adbs puhtbsgitc c dxgdpgi÷h ad bs puhtbs y cpcrtd adhtrb adc gitc qud sd dsgrikdh c uh schercab ad 4y cpcrtd adhtrb ad c gitc qud sd dsgrikdh c uh schercab ad 4 dspcgibs dh rdcgi÷h cjcredh adc gitc y hb vch dhtrd gbjics -Chtds ad `c fignc sd pbhddspcgibs dh rd`cgi÷h c` jcredh ad `c gitc y hb vch dhtrd gbjics -Chtds ad c fignc sd pbhd dhgckdzcjidhtb y adspuésc rdfdrdhgic kikiberãfigc.dhgckdzcjidhtb y adspuésc rdfdrdhgic kikiberãfigc. FIGNCFIGNC NDJD[NDJD[BE[CFBE[CFIGC=IGC= DsDstctc fifigngncccc ususcjcjbsbs guguchchabab adadsdsdcjcjbsbs eueucrcracacrr ihfbrjcgi÷h ÷ actbs ad ceuhc rdvistc b pdri÷aigb, cs jdaiacs qud tidhd dstc fignc sbh ieucds cihfbrjcgi÷h ÷ actbs ad ceuhc rdvistc b pdri÷aigb,cs jdaiacs qud tidhd dstc fignc sbh ieucds cc fignc kikiberãfigc. @bs actbs qud adkd bktdhdr uhc fignc Ndjdrberãfigc,bs pbadjbs bktdhdrc fignc kikiberãfigc. @bs actbs qud adkd bktdhdr uhc fignc Ndjdrberãfigc, bs pbadjbs bktdhdr ad dhgckdzcab ad uhc rdvistc ÷ pdri÷aigb bs actbs ad dstc fignc sbh=ad dhgckdzcab ad uhc rdvistc ÷ pdri÷aigb `bs actbs ad dstc fignc sbh=
μ Qêtub adc pukigcgi÷h (sukrcycab)μ Qêtub ad c pukigcgi÷h (sukrcycab)
Hbjkrd y Cpdiab=Hbjkrd y Cpdiab= Qipb y H½ ad Abgujdhtb=Qipb y H½ ad Abgujdhtb= Abjigiib=Abjigiib= Qdéfbhb=Qdéfbhb= Gbrrdb ddgtr÷higb=Gbrrdb ddgtr÷higb= Qêtub ad Gbrtbjdtrcmd=Qêtub ad Gbrtbjdtrcmd= _sdua÷hijb=_sdua÷hijb= FIGNC JI^QC=FIGNC JI^QC= Crdsujir uh tdxtb dh d gucsd dhgudhtrch pcrtds qud prdsdhtchC rdsujir uh tdxtb dh dguc sd dhgudhtrch pcrtds qud prdsdhtch gidrtgidrtcscs aifiguaifigutcadtcadss pcrc sihtdtizpcrc sihtdtizcr, bcr, b qud sbhqud sbh rdprdsdhtrdprdsdhtctivcctivcss ad cadc iadbbeêciadbbeêc b dstib ad cutbr, bb dstib ad cutbr, b qud gbhtidhdh actbs pcrtigucrjdhtd ijpbrtchtds. Dh gucquidrc ad dstbs gcsbs sd adkd ihguircsqud gbhtidhdh actbs pcrtigucrjdhtd ijpbrtchtds. Dh gucquidrc ad dstbs gcsbs sd adkd ihguircs dhtrd gbjicsdhtrd gbjics
1.7.6 Brechizcgi÷h adfigndrb1.7.6 Brechizcgi÷h ad figndrb Dxistdh vcribs tipbs ad brechizcgibhds ad figndrbs= Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgic.Dxistdh vcribs tipbs ad brechizcgibhds ad figndrbs= Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgic. Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h rdctivc airdgtc.Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h rdctivc airdgtc. Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h cdctbric b ihairdgtc.Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h cdctbric b ihairdgtc. Brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgicihadxcac.Brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgic ihadxcac. Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgicdhgcadhcac= _uhtdrbs.Figndrbs gbh brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgic dhgcadhcac= _uhtdrbs. Brechizcgi÷h sdgudhgicihadxcac-dhgcadhcacBrechizcgi÷h sdgudhgic ihadxcac-dhgcadhcac \ GIQCQIBH ebh P;?4> Z\ GIQCQIBH ebh P ;?4> Z
ebhzcds, c. n. (s.f.). Bktdhiab adebhzcds, c. n. (s.f.). Bktdhiab ad nttps=//ihfbrjctigcndrjbsb.wbraprdss.gbj/tce/brechizcgibh-ad-figndrbs/nttps=//ihfbrjctigcndrjbsb.wbraprdss.gbj/tce/brechizcgibh-ad-figndrbs/
1.7.5. Gbhstruggi÷h ÷eigc ad cpcrctb grêtigb (Tsb ad fudhtds rdfdrdhgicds utiizcacs1.7.5. Gbhstruggi÷h ÷eigc ad cpcrctb grêtigb (Tsb ad fudhtds rdfdrdhgicds utiizcacs gbjb fuhacjdhtb, gitcs tdxtucds)gbjb fuhacjdhtb, gitcs tdxtucds)
DD cpcpcrccrctbtb grgrêtêtigigbb dstdstãã fbrfbrjcjcabab pbpbrr dd gbgbhmhmuhuhtbtb adad gigitctcs,s, rdfrdfdrddrdhghgicicss yy hbhbtctcss qudqud gbhstituydh cs fudhtds y rdgursbs kikiberãfigbs sbkrd bs qud sd sbstidhd y cpbyc d trckcmb.gbhstituydh cs fudhtds y rdgursbs kikiberãfigbs sbkrd bs qud sd sbstidhd y cpbyc d trckcmb. AdkAdkdd aisaistihtiheuieuirsdrsd priprijdrjdrcjdcjdhtdhtd dhtdhtrdrd cscs gitgitcscs tdxtdxtuctucdsds,, qudqud sbhsbh trctrchsgrhsgripgipgibhibhdsds airairdgtdgtcs,cs,
itdrcds y dxcgtcs ad cs pcckrcs ad btrb cutbr, y csitdrcds y dxcgtcs adcs pcckrcs ad btrb cutbr, ycs
[dfdrdhgics (tcjkiéh cjcacs gitcs iadb`÷eigcs), qud supbhdh `c ihg`usi÷h ad iadcs b[dfdrdhgics (tcjkiéhcjcacs gitcs iadb÷eigcs), qud supbhdhc ihgusi÷h ad iadcs b creujdhtbs ad btrbs cutbrds dh fbrjc ad rdsujdh, ihtdrprdtcgi÷h b pcrãfrcsis. Qbacscs gitcs bcreujdhtbs ad btrbs cutbrds dh fbrjc ad rdsujdh, ihtdrprdtcgi÷h b pcrãfrcsis. Qbacs cs gitcs b rdfdrdhgics c btrbs cutbrds adkdh ir cgbjpcócacs ad uh sistdjc ad hbtcgi÷h cadgucab, bridhtcabrdfdrdhgics c btrbs cutbrds adkdh ir cgbjpcócacs ad uh sistdjc ad hbtcgi÷h cadgucab, bridhtcab c jdhgibhcr y dspdgifigcr gbrrdgtcjdhtdc fudhtd ad c guc sd dxtrcmb c ihfbrjcgi÷h, c fih adc jdhgibhcr y dspdgifigcr gbrrdgtcjdhtdc fudhtd ad c guc sd dxtrcmb c ihfbrjcgi÷h, c fih ad dvitcr gcdr dh d pceib, qud sd prbaugd jdaichtdc gbpic ad uh brieihcqud ds prdsdhtcac gbjbdvitcr gcdr dh d pceib, qud sd prbaugd jdaichtdc gbpic ad uh brieihcqud ds prdsdhtcac gbjb prbpic,prbpic, yy qudqud gbhstituydgbhstituyd uhcuhc ihfrcggi÷hihfrcggi÷h adadadrdgnbadrdgnb adad cutbrcutbr sbkrdsbkrd gucquidrgucquidr tipbtipb adad bkrc.bkrc. DDpceibpceib dsds uhcuhc prãgtigcprãgtigc aurcjdhtdaurcjdhtd pdhcacpdhcac dhdh tbactbac ihstitugi÷hihstitugi÷h cgcaéjigc,cgcaéjigc, yy adkdhadkdh pbrpbrbb tchtbtchtb tbjcrsd tbabsbs rdgcuabs hdgdscribs pcrc dvitcrb.tbjcrsd tbabsbs rdgcuabs hdgdscribs pcrc dvitcr`b.
c. [dfdrdhgics.c. [dfdrdhgics. @cs rdfdrdhgic@cs rdfdrdhgics cs c gbhgdptgbhgdptbs adbs ad btrbs cutbrds adkdh ir dhbtrbs cutbrds adkdh ir dh rdabhac (sih gbjirdabhac (sih gbjics hics hi itãiitãigcsgcs hi hderitcs) y adkdh dstcr dh dgudrpb prihgipc, jdhgibhchab sidjprd c fudhtd adc gucsdhi hderitcs) y adkdh dstcr dh d gudrpb prihgipc, jdhgibhchab sidjprdc fudhtd ad c guc sd dxtrcmdxtrcmb. Hbb. Hb ncgd fctc jdhgibncgd fctc jdhgibhcr c bhcrc b cs pãeihcs adcs gucds sdcs pãeihcs ad cs gucds sd dxtrcmdxtrcmb cbc iadc, dh tchtb qud sdiadc, dh tchtb qud sd
csujd qud db gbjpdtb ds fudhtd ad aignb gbhgdptb. Dh c hbtcgi÷h pudad uscrsdcsujd qud d ikrb b crtêgub gbjpdtb ds fudhtd ad aignb gbhgdptb. Dhc hbtcgi÷h pudad uscrsd djbadb cutbr cób dh dgudrpb prihgipc, pbr dmdjpb, (Wcrtbri 399>), bc rdfdrdhgic hujérigcdjbadb cutbr cób dh dgudrpb prihgipc, pbr dmdjpb, (Wcrtbri 399>), bc rdfdrdhgic hujérigc ad hbtc cpid, dstb ds, 3, cerdechab ‐Wcrtbri 399>‚ (sih gbji``cs) dhc hbtc gbrrdspbhaidhtd,ad hbtc cpid, dstb ds, 3, cerdechab ‐Wcrtbri 399>‚ (sih gbji``cs) dhc hbtc gbrrdspbhaidhtd, sdeýh dsistdjc ad hbtcs kikiberãfigcs cgdptcab pbr c ihstitugi÷h. k.sdeýh d sistdjc ad hbtcs kikiberãfigcs cgdptcab pbrc ihstitugi÷h. k. Gitcs tdxtucds dh d ihtdribr adgudrpb prihgipc.Gitcs tdxtucds dh d ihtdribr adgudrpb prihgipc. Wd pbhdh dhtrd gbji``cacs dh d iaibjc dh qud dstã dsgritb dtc,Wd pbhdh dhtrd gbji``cacs dh diaibjc dh qud dstã dsgritb d ikrb qud sd gbhsutc, cuhqud sd dstã dsgrikidhab dh btrb iaibjc. Hb sd adkdh uscr cs itãigcs pcrc gitcr, scvb qudcuhqud sd dstã dsgrikidhab dh btrb iaibjc. Hb sd adkdh uscrcs itãigcs pcrc gitcr, scvb qud fieurdh dh c gitc brieihc.fieurdh dh c gitc brieihc.
Gitcs sdpcrcacs adgudrpb prihgipc.Gitcs sdpcrcacs adgudrpb prihgipc. @cs gitcs ad jãs ad trds êhdcs sd adhbjihch gitcs c kchab. Wd adkd admcr abkd sctb ad@cs gitcs ad jãs ad trdsêhdcs sd adhbjihch gitcs c kchab. Wd adkd admcr abkd sctb ad êhdc chtds ad d``cs, sd utiizc uh dspcgib ad ihtdrihdcab ad3,?, sd gbbgc uhc scherêc izquidrac yêhdc chtds ad d``cs, sd utiizc uh dspcgib ad ihtdrihdcab ad3,?, sd gbbgc uhc scherêc izquidrac y adrdgnc gbh jcredh dspdgicjcybr c adgudrpb prihgipc, y sd gidrrc gbh uh hudvb abkd sctbadrdgnc gbh jcredh dspdgicjcybr c adgudrpb prihgipc, y sd gidrrc gbh uh hudvb abkd sctb ad êhdc. Hb ds bkiectbrib aisjihuir dtdjc adc dtrc, cuhqud sudd rdaugirsd pcrc adstcgcrcsadêhdc. Hb ds bkiectbrib aisjihuir d tdjc ad cdtrc, cuhqud sudd rdaugirsd pcrc adstcgcrcs visucjdhtd. Wi sd bjitd pcrtd ad tdxtb gitcab, sd sdóccc bjisi÷h gbh gbrgndtds y trds puhtbs,visucjdhtd. Wi sd bjitd pcrtd ad tdxtb gitcab, sd sdóccc bjisi÷h gbh gbrgndtds y trds puhtbs, dstb ds=...Z. Wi dh c gitc sd tidhd, pbr÷eigc sihtétigc, qud cerdecr b dspdgifigcr ceb, sd cerdecdstb ds=\...Z. Wi dhc gitc sd tidhd, pbr ÷eigc sihtétigc, qud cerdecr b dspdgifigcr ceb, sd cerdec \dhtrd gbrgndt\dhtrd gbrgndtdsZ. HbdsZ. Hb sd usch pcréhtdsis rdabhabs ( ),sd usch pcréhtdsis rdabhabs ( ), dh tchtb qud ihaigch qud quidh bsdh tchtb qud ihaigch qud quidhbs us÷ fudus÷ fud
dcutbr adc gitc, y hb dcutbr ad trckcmb.dcutbr adc gitc, y hb dcutbr ad trckcmb.
Gbhvidhd admcr adsgchscr dtrckcmb, jãs kidh d kbrrcabr adjisjb, aurchtd gidrtbGbhvidhd admcr adsgchscr d trckcmb, jãs kidh dkbrrcabr ad jisjb, aurchtd gidrtb titidjpdjpb,b, ycyc qud adspuqud adspuésés ncknckrãrã qud ddrqud ddrbb gbh bmbs grêtigbh bmbs grêtigbs, dsguagbs, dsguariórióchab suchab su brecbrechizhizcgicgi÷h÷h yy gbhsistgbhsistdhgic, cs gitcs ycs hbtcs, jcybr bkmdtidhgic, cs gitcs ycs hbtcs, jcybr bkmdtiviaca dhviaca dh c jdaiac dh qud sdc pbsikd rdviscrc jdaiac dh qud sdc pbsikd rdviscr frêcjdhtd aignbfrêcjdhtd aignb kbrrcabr, sihkbrrcabr, sih ctcaurcs djbgibhcds.ctcaurcs djbgibhcds.
1.7.9 gbrrdggibhds1.7.9 gbrrdggibhds @udeb ad tdrjihcr uh dsgritb, gbjidhzc dprbgdsb ad rdvisi÷h, qud gbhsistd dh rditdrcacs@udeb ad tdrjihcr uh dsgritb, gbjidhzc d prbgdsb ad rdvisi÷h, qud gbhsistd dh rditdrcacs dgturcs ad jchusgritb. Wd pbarêc adgir qud c gbrrdggi÷h sd sdpcrc dh abs dtcpcs aistihtcs.dgturcs adjchusgritb. Wd pbarêc adgir qudc gbrrdggi÷h sd sdpcrc dh abs dtcpcs aistihtcs. DhDh cc prprijijdrcdrc,, sdsd adadkdhkdh gbgbrrdrrdeieirr bbss drrdrrbrdbrdss adad titipb,pb, ihihgbhgbhsisiststdhdhgigics,cs, brbrtbtbercercfêfêc,c, puhtucgi÷h, uspuhtucgi÷h, usb adb ad jcyýsgucs,jcyýsgucs, dtg. _crcdtg. _crc tbabs dstbabs dstbs drrbrdstbs drrbrds tdhdjbs uhctdhdjbs uhc euêc kcseuêc kcstchtd adfihiactchtd adfihiac pcrc bgcizcrbs y gbrrdeirbs.pcrc bgcizcrbs y gbrrdeirbs. Dh c sdeuhac dtcpc, pbr d gbhtrcrib, bs drrbrds c gbrrdeir sbh jãs aifêgids ad iadhtifigcrDh c sdeuhac dtcpc, pbr d gbhtrcrib, bs drrbrds c gbrrdeir sbh jãs aifêgids ad iadhtifigcr y hdgdsitch vcrics rd-dgturcs< y tc vdz hi siquidrc dxistc sbb uhc fbrjc ad gbrrdeirbs.y hdgdsitch vcrics rd-dgturcs< y tc vdz hi siquidrc dxistc sbb uhc fbrjc ad gbrrdeirbs. Adhtrb ad dstd sdeuhab tipb ad drrbrds, pbadjbs dhgbhtrcr=Adhtrb ad dstd sdeuhab tipb ad drrbrds, pbadjbs dhgbhtrcr= Widpsis=Widpsis= gbhsistgbhsistd dhd dh c rupturc adcs dyds adc rupturc ad csdyds ad gbhgbracgbhgbrachgic dh dhgic dh d eéhdrb b dhýjdrb adeéhdrb b d hýjdrb ad cs pcckrcs. _br dmdjpb,cs pcckrcs. _br dmdjpb, c edhtd dhbqudgi÷ aurchtd dpcrtiab, pdrbudeb sd rdtircrbh gbhc edhtd dhbqudgi÷ aurchtd dpcrtiab, pdrbudeb sd rdtircrbh gbh gcjc.gcjc. Ds fãgivdr pbr qué bgurri÷ d drrbr dh dstc brcgi÷h, ctdhdr d sustchtivb ‐edhtd‚ dh cDs fãgi vdr pbr qué bgurri÷ ddrrbr dh dstc brcgi÷h, c tdhdr dsustchtivb ‐edhtd‚ dhc jdhtd, qud dvbgc c uhc jutitua ad pdrsbhcs, cutbjãtigcjdhtd sd utiiz÷ dvdrkb dh purc.jdhtd, qud dvbgc c uhc jutitua ad pdrsbhcs, cutbjãtigcjdhtd sd utiiz÷ d vdrkb dh purc. Chcgbutb=Chcgbutb= sd trctc ad uhc ihgbhsdgudhgic dh c gbhstruggi÷h sihtãgtigc ad uhc frcsd.sd trctc ad uhc ihgbhsdgudhgic dhc gbhstruggi÷h sihtãgtigc ad uhc frcsd. Aignb ad btrc jchdrc, sdAignb ad btrc jchdrc, sd gbjidgbjidhzc dsgrikidhahzc dsgrikidhab cbc frcsd gbh uhcfrcsd gbh uhc iadc dh jdhtd, c guciadc dh jdhtd, c guc gcjkic cgcjkic c jitca ad gcjihb y admc pbr rdsutcab uhc frcsd ihgbndrdhtd.jitca ad gcjihb y admc pbr rdsutcab uhc frcsd ihgbndrdhtd.
_dbhcsjb=_dbhcsjb= gbhsistd dh ddjpdb, dh uhc brcgi÷h, ad vbgckbs ihhdgdscribs pcrc dgbhsistd dh ddjpdb, dh uhc brcgi÷h, ad vbgckbs ihhdgdscribs pcrc d sdhtiab ad c jisjc. Thb dmdjpbs gãsigbs ad dstd drrbr sbh=sdhtiab adc jisjc. Thb dmdjpbs gãsigbs ad dstd drrbr sbh= suki÷ crrikc< b vidrbh gbh sussuki÷ crrikc<b vidrbh gbh sus prbpibs bmbs.prbpibs bmbs. Gcgbfbhêc=Gcgbfbhêc= sd trctc ad uh dfdgtb sbhbrb adscercackd qud sd ac pbrc gdrgchêc ad sêckcssd trctc ad uh dfdgtb sbhbrb adscercackd qud sd ac pbr c gdrgchêc ad sêckcs b sbhiabs gbh ieucprbhuhgicgi÷h. Dstd drrbr pudad rdsutcr adscercackd guchab sd rdcizc cb sbhiabs gbh ieuc prbhuhgicgi÷h. Dstd drrbr pudad rdsutcr adscercackd guchab sd rdcizcc dgturc, dh vbz ctc, ad uh dsgritb< sih djkcreb, ds pbsikd utiizcrb gbjb uh rdgursb, sih ckuscrdgturc, dh vbz ctc, ad uh dsgritb< sih djkcreb, ds pbsikd utiizcrb gbjb uh rdgursb, sih ckuscr ad é. _br dmdjpb, sd pbarêc rdgurrir c uhc frcsd gbh rdpdtigi÷h adsbhiab ‐s‚ pcrc utiizcrc gbhad é. _br dmdjpb, sd pbarêc rdgurrir c uhc frcsd gbh rdpdtigi÷h ad sbhiab ‐s‚ pcrc utiizcrc gbh uh pdrsbhcmd qud dsté susurrchab.uh pdrsbhcmd qud dsté susurrchab. Cuhqud dxistdh btrbs tipbs ad drrbrds dh hudstrbs tdxtbs tcds gbjb=Cuhqud dxistdh btrbs tipbs ad drrbrds dh hudstrbs tdxtbs tcds gbjb= Gbrrdggi÷h ad gbhtdhiab.Gbrrdggi÷h ad gbhtdhiab. Gbrrdggi÷h ad dstib.Gbrrdggi÷h ad dstib. Gbrrdggi÷h ad prudkcs, ecdrcacs u brtb tipberãfigc.Gbrrdggi÷h ad prudkcs, ecdrcacs u brtb tipberãfigc. Gbrrdggi÷h ad dstib y ad prudkcs.Gbrrdggi÷h ad dstib y ad prudkcs. (^) Vdrifigcgi÷h ad trcauggi÷h.Vdrifigcgi÷h ad trcauggi÷h.
1.1 _rdsdhtcgi÷h adihfbrjd1.1 _rdsdhtcgi÷h ad ihfbrjd @c dxpbsigi÷h ds btrb ad bs prbtbtipbs tdxtucds. Dxpbhdr siehifigc dxpbhdr ceb pcrc qud@c dxpbsigi÷h ds btrb adbs prbtbtipbs tdxtucds. Dxpbhdr siehifigc dxpbhdr ceb pcrc qud sdc vistb, pbhdr ceb ad jchifidstb, nckcr ad ceb pcrc acrb c gbhbgdr. Thc dxpbsigi÷h pudadsdc vistb, pbhdr ceb ad jchifidstb, nckcr ad ceb pcrc acrb c gbhbgdr. Thc dxpbsigi÷h pudad ihguir uh erch hýjdrb ad tdjcs pcrtigucrds qud eirch crdadabr ad uh tdjc edhdrc.ihguir uh erch hýjdrb ad tdjcs pcrtigucrds qud eirch crdadabr ad uh tdjc edhdrc.
_br dmdjpb, uhc_br dmdjpb, uhc gbhfdrdhgicgbhfdrdhgic pdrtdhpdrtdhdgd cdgd c eéhdrb ad cseéhdrb adcs dxpbsigdxpbsigibhds. Gbjb pcrtd adibhds. Gbjb pcrtd ad cc gbhfdrdgbhfdrdhgic (qud pudad sdrhgic (qud pudad sdr ad uhc bad uhc b abs nbrcs adabs nbrcs ad aurcgiaurcgi÷h), sd dxpigch y cgcrch vcribs puhtbs÷h), sd dxpigch y cgcrch vcribs puhtbs pcrtigucrds.pcrtigucrds. CsijisjbCsijisjb dhdh cscs gcsdsgcsds qudqud gurscsgurscs tustus prbfdsbrdsprbfdsbrds dxpbhdhdxpbhdh bsbs tdjcstdjcs pdrtihdhtdspdrtihdhtds cc prbercjc.prbercjc. QcQc vdzvdz dsds uhcuhc adad dscsdscs jctdricsjctdrics dd prbfdsbrprbfdsbr dsds piacpiac qudqud dxpbhechdxpbhech ceuhbsceuhbs adad bsbs tdjcs adprbercjc.tdjcs ad prbercjc.
@cs@cs priprihgihgipcpcdsds gcrgcrcgtcgtdrêdrêstistigcsgcs qudqud adkadkdhdh tdhtdhdrdr cscs dxpdxpbsibsigibgibhdshds (tc(tchtbhtb brcbrcdsds gbjgbjbb dsgritcs) sbh cs sieuidhtds).dsgritcs) sbhcs sieuidhtds).
Thc dxpbsigi÷h adkd sdr gbjpdtc, ds adgir ckcrgc c tbgcr tbabsbs puhtbs bThc dxpbsigi÷h adkd sdr gbjpdtc, ds adgir ckcrgc c tbgcr tbabsbs puhtbs b tdjcs qud sd sdócdh.tdjcs qud sd sdócdh.
dhtdhadr cs ihstruggibhds ijpcrtiacs c trcvés adc gbjuhigcgi÷h si dsd fudrc dgcsb, b ad qud sddhtdhadrcs ihstruggibhds ijpcrtiacs c trcvés ad c gbjuhigcgi÷h si dsd fudrc d gcsb, b ad qud sd berd csijicr dgbhtdhiab adc dxpbsigi÷h.berd csijicr dgbhtdhiab adc dxpbsigi÷h. Th ihfbrjd gujpd su gbjdtiab guchab ercgics c é sus adstihctcribs sd vdh dhriqudgiabsTh ihfbrjd gujpd su gbjdtiab guchab ercgics c é sus adstihctcribs sd vdh dhriqudgiabs gbh uhc hbtigic b uhc vdraca qud chtds adihfbrjd hb gbhbgêch. Hb ncy ihfbrjcgi÷h, dh riebr,gbh uhc hbtigic b uhc vdraca qud chtds ad ihfbrjd hb gbhbgêch. Hb ncy ihfbrjcgi÷h, dh riebr, jãs qud guchab sdjãs qud guchab sd prbaugdprbaugd, dh, dh jcybr bó jdhbr jdaiac, dstd tipb adjcybr bó jdhbr jdaiac, dstd tipb ad dhriquddhriqudgijidgijidhtb, b sdc,htb, b sdc, uhuh cujdhtb pbsitivb ad sckdr, gbhsdeuiab prdgiscjdhtd ercgics c c ihfbrjcgi÷h rdgikiac.cujdhtb pbsitivb ad sckdr, gbhsdeuiab prdgiscjdhtd ercgics cc ihfbrjcgi÷h rdgikiac. 7.- [dquisitbs adihfbrjd brc7.- [dquisitbs adihfbrjd brc Th ihfbrjd pcrc qud sdc dfigcz nc ad rduhir bs rdquisitbs sieuidhtds=Th ihfbrjd pcrc qud sdc dfigcz nc ad rduhirbs rdquisitbs sieuidhtds= Gcriaca=Gcriaca= _crc qud uhc dxpbsigi÷h sdc gcrc,cs iadcs adkdh sdr gcrcs. @c_crc qud uhc dxpbsigi÷h sdc gcrc, cs iadcs adkdh sdr gcrcs. @c gcriaca ad dheucmd sd bktidhd c trcvés adc cadgucac gbhstruggi÷h ad cs frcsds, y tcjkiéh pbrgcriaca adc cadgucac gbhstruggi÷h adcs frcsds, y tcjkiéh pbr dusb gdrtdrb adcs pcckrcs. @c prbpidaca ds d usb ad bs térjihbs ds d djpdb ad cqud``bsd usb gdrtdrb ad cs pcckrcs. @c prbpidaca ds dusb adbs térjihbs ds ddjpdb ad cqud``bs qud dxprdsdh mustcjdhtd c iadc. Adkd dvitcrsdcs cprbxijcgibhds y nc ad tdhdrsd gcutdc gbhqud dxprdsdh mustcjdhtdc iadc. Adkd dvitcrsd cs cprbxijcgibhds y nc ad tdhdrsd gcutdc gbh bs sih÷hijbs cpcrdhtds. Dstc guciaca adihfbrjd, qud ds dh kudhc pcrtd d rdsutcab ad uhcbs sih÷hijbs cpcrdhtds. Dstc guciaca ad ihfbrjd, qud ds dh kudhc pcrtd drdsutcab ad uhc
brechizcgi÷h dfigcz, sd berc jdaichtdc bksdrvcgi÷h ad cs sieuidhtds rdecs=brechizcgi÷h dfigcz, sd berc jdaichtdc bksdrvcgi÷h ad cs sieuidhtds rdecs= ðð @ijitcr c i@ijitcrc ihfbrjcgi÷h c guctrb b gihgb ihfbrjcgi÷h c guctrb b gihgb iadcs dsdhgicds.adcs dsdhgicds. ðð DstDstckckdgddgdrr cc rdrdcgicgi÷h÷h dxidxistdstdhtdhtd dhtdhtrdrd aivaivdrsbdrsbss puhpuhtbstbs prdsprdsdhtdhtcabcabs,s, jdajdaichichtdtd uhcuhc cadgucac gbbraihcgi÷h ad bs jisjbs.cadgucac gbbraihcgi÷h adbs jisjbs. ðð AdsAdscrrbcrrbccrr cc gncgncrc sieuirc sieuidhab uhdhab uh dsqudsqudjc dckbdjc dckbrcab prdvicrcab prdvicjdhjdhtdtd gbh dgbh d jcyjcybrbr guiacab.guiacab. ðð Ncgdr uhc cadgucac sddggi÷h y djpNcgdr uhc cadgucac sddggi÷h y djpdb ad bs jctdricdsdb ad bs jctdricds ad cpbyb.ad cpbyb. Gbhgrdgi÷h=Gbhgrdgi÷h= dhivd ad gbhgrdgi÷h add hivdad gbhgrdgi÷h ad dheucmd nc ad cmustcrsd c dgtbr ad dsgritb, prbgurchab sddggibhcrbs térjihbs jãs rdcgibhcab gbh su dxpdridhgic, fbrjcgi÷h bdsgritb, prbgurchab sddggibhcr bs térjihbs jãs rdcgibhcab gbh su dxpdridhgic, fbrjcgi÷h b dstib<c gbhgrdgi÷h adc cadgucac gbhstruggi÷h adcsdstib<c gbhgrdgi÷h adc cadgucac gbhstruggi÷h adcs frcsds y c sddggi÷h ad bs térjihbs, sd gbjpdjdhtc gbh gifrcs, dmdjpbs b actbs prdgisbs. @bsfrcsds yc sddggi÷h adbs térjihbs, sd gbjpdjdhtc gbh gifrcs, dmdjpbs b actbs prdgisbs. @bs ndgnbs adkdh gbhtdhdr hbjkrds, rdfdrdhgics ad uecrds y dxpdridhgics qud rdfudrgdhbs ndgnbs.ndgnbs adkdh gbhtdhdr hbjkrds, rdfdrdhgics ad uecrds y dxpdridhgics qud rdfudrgdhbs ndgnbs. Dh c prdsdhtcgi÷h adbs ndgnbs nc ad tdhdrsd dh gudhtc=Dh c prdsdhtcgi÷h adbs ndgnbs nc ad tdhdrsd dh gudhtc= ðð Hb jutiHb jutipigcrbs adtcp`igcr `bs adtcds yds y prdsdhtprdsdhtcr dstcaêsticr dstcaêstigcs dh hýjdrbs rdabhabs, dvitchgcs dh hýjdrbs rdabhabs, dvitchab csabcs gchtiacads gbjpigcacs qud pudach prbaugir gbhfusi÷h.gchtiacads gbjpigcacs qud pudach prbaugir gbhfusi÷h. ðð Cpbycr bs ndgnbs, sidjCpbycrbs ndgnbs, sidjprd qud sdc pbsikd, gbh ercfigcs, pchbprd qud sdc pbsikd, gbh ercfigcs, pchbs, jcpcs b gucquidrs, jcpcs b gucquidr btrb tipb ad cyuac visuc.btrb tipb ad cyuac visuc.
ðð CsbCsbgicgicgi÷gi÷hh ad iadcsad iadcs== pcrc qud bspcrc qudbs rdgdrdgdptbptbrds csijirds csijidh jdmbdh jdmbrr bs ndgnbbs ndgnbss qud sdqud sd dd prdsdhtch,prdsdhtch, adkdadkd dstckdgdrsddstckdgdrsd uhcuhc gbhdxi÷hgbhdxi÷h dhtrddhtrd bb hudvbhudvb qudqud sdsd pchtdcpchtdc yy bb ycyc gbhbgiab,gbhbgiab, dsds adgir, b qud rdsutc fcjiicr pcrcbs bydhtds.adgir, b qud rdsutc fcjiicr pcrcbs bydhtds. 1.- Gcrcgtdrêstigcs Kãsigcs1.- Gcrcgtdrêstigcs Kãsigcs Kãsigcjdhtd uh ihfbrjd brcadkd rduhircs gcrcgtdrêstigcs sieuidhtds=Kãsigcjdhtd uh ihfbrjd brcadkd rduhircs gcrcgtdrêstigcs sieuidhtds= Bkmdtiviaca=Bkmdtiviaca= Ddjisbr b ihfbrjchtd aigdb qud sckd y b qud nc vistb, pdrb hb sdD djisbr b ihfbrjchtd aigd b qud sckd yb qud nc vistb, pdrb hb sd prbhuhgicprbhuhgic hihi djitddjitd hiheýhhiheýh muigibmuigib adad vcbr,vcbr, adad jbabjbab qudqud bsbs rdgdptbrdsrdgdptbrds hbhb sckdhsckdh guãguã dsds cc bpihi÷h qud d jdrdgdh c qud nckcbs ndgnbs sbkrd bs qud ihfbrjd. @c dxpbsigi÷h sd ncgd jãsbpihi÷h qudd jdrdgdh cqud nckc bs ndgnbs sbkrdbs qud ihfbrjd. @c dxpbsigi÷h sd ncgd jãs kidhkidh dhdh tbhbtbhb cséptigb,cséptigb, sihsih qudqud ncycncyc pbrpbr pcrtdpcrtd adad ihfbrjchtdihfbrjchtd hiheýhhiheýh ihtdhtbihtdhtb adad adfihigi÷hadfihigi÷h pdrsbhc.pdrsbhc.
Thc ihfbrjcgi÷h gbrrdgtc sdrã gidrtcjdhtd cqudc dh `c qud d` qud `c prbaugd ihtdhtcThc ihfbrjcgi÷h gbrrdgtc sdrã gidrtcjdhtd cqudc dh c qud d qud c prbaugd ihtdhtc situcrsd dh uh tdrrdhb hdutrc, ijitãhabsd c trchsjitir, sih gcifigcrbs,bs ndgnbs ad qud tidhdsitucrsd dh uh tdrrdhb hdutrc,ijitãhabsd c trchsjitir, sih gcifigcrbs, `bs ndgnbs ad qud tidhd
hbtigic, y admchab pcrc dcuaitbrib d trckcmb ad vcbrcr gcac uhb sdeýh su pdrspdgtivc pdrsbhc yhbtigic, y admchab pcrc dcuaitbrib d trckcmb ad vcbrcr gcac uhb sdeýh su pdrspdgtivc pdrsbhc y su tcjkiéh pdrsbhcmdrcrquêc ad vcbrds. Dxpbhdr, prdsdhtcr bdêab u bksdrvcab sih bjitirsu tcjkiéh pdrsbhcmdrcrquêc ad vcbrds. Dxpbhdr, prdsdhtcr bdêab u bksdrvcab sih bjitir muigib dvcuctivb.muigib dvcuctivb. Gudhtch sbbbs ndgnbs y hb cs bpihibhds= c jdhbs qud d qud ihfbrjc aistihecGudhtch sbbbs ndgnbs y hb cs bpihibhds= c jdhbs qud d qud ihfbrjc aistihec kidh ykidh y dxpêgitcjdhtd guchabdxpêgitcjdhtd guchab cfirjc ycfirjc y guchab bpihcguchab bpihc pbr supbr su gudhtc rdspdgtbgudhtc rdspdgtb ad badb qud cfirjc,qud cfirjc, dhdh dihfbrjd gudhtch sbkrd tbabbs ndgnbs y hb adkdh gbhtcr cs bpihibhds.d ihfbrjd gudhtch sbkrd tbab bs ndgnbs y hb adkdh gbhtcrcs bpihibhds. Dihfbrjd prdsdhtcbs ndgnbs gbjb dh fbtbercfêc y dh tbac su ihtderiaca, sujihistrchabDihfbrjd prdsdhtcbs ndgnbs gbjb dh fbtbercfêc y dh tbac su ihtderiaca, sujihistrchab actbs, pbrjdhbractbs, pbrjdhbrds yds y tbac sudrtd adtbac sudrtd ad ddjdddjdhtbs qudhtbs qud pdrjipdrjitch ctch c cuaitcuaitbrib ncgdrbrib ncgdr c vcbrcgi÷h qudc vcbrcgi÷h qud hb gbrrdspbhad cdjisbr. Adkdh prdsdhtcrsdbs ndgnbs yhb gbrrdspbhad cdjisbr. Adkdh prdsdhtcrsdbs ndgnbs y actbs gbh adtcd- pcrc quiéh dsgugncactbs gbh adtcd- pcrc quiéh dsgugnc pudacpudac tdhdrtdhdr bsbs gritdribs sufgritdribs sufigidhtds pigidhtds pcrc vccrc vcbrcr.brcr. Wi sdWi sd vcvc cc djitir ceuhcdjitir ceuhc bpihi÷hbpihi÷h pdrsbhcpdrsbhc adkdadkd ihaigcrsd.ihaigcrsd. _rdsdhtcr, hb gbhvdhgdr=_rdsdhtcr, hb gbhvdhgdr= Dqud ihfbrjc hbD qud ihfbrjc hb prdtdhprdtdhad ihfuir jêhijcjad ihfuir jêhijcjdhtd dh ddhtd dh d ãhijb ad bs qudd dsgugnch, sihb sijpdjdhtd ncgdrds decr uhbs actbs qud é` nc adsgukidrtbãhijb ad `bs qud `d dsgugnch, sihb sijp`djdhtd ncgdr`dsdecr uhbs actbs qud énc adsgukidrtb b rdgbeiab. Btrc gbsc ds qud dsbs actbs tdhech ds si jisjbs uhc dbgudhgic y uh siehifigcab qudb rdgbeiab. Btrc gbsc ds qud dsbs actbs tdhech ds si jisjbs uhc dbgudhgic y uh siehifigcab qud ncec ihhdgdscncec ihhdgdscric tbac pbhadrcgi÷h y qudric tbac pbhadrcgi÷h y qud pbr dsb jisjb prbauzgch uh dfdgtb, ad siehb qudpbr dsb jisjb prbauzgch uh dfdgtb, adsiehb qud sdc,sdc, dhc vbuhtca ad quidhdsbs rdgikdh sih nckdr siab ihfudhgicabs pbr d ihfbrjchtd y sih quddh c vbuhtca ad quidhds bs rdgikdh sih nckdr siab ihfudhgicabs pbr dihfbrjchtd y sih qud dstdbs ncyc ihtdhtcab dh bs cksbutb.dstd bs ncyc ihtdhtcab dhbs cksb`utb.
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