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EXAMEN INGLES PARCIAL II
Blood, Lymphatic & Immune System
Hematology: The study of blood and blood-forming tissues and the diseases associated with
these tissues.
Hematologists: They study and treat malignant (cancerous) and non-malignant blood diseases.
- The first to do chemotherapy to treat hematological malignancies.
- They also focus on so-called solid tumors such as blood and stomach cancers,
previously treated with surgery.
Immunology : Studies the body’s protection from invading organisms and its response to them
(viruses, bacteria, parasites).
Immunologists: Studies and treats the body's defense mechanism. The immune system breaks
down and the body loses its ability to recognize antigens or mount an attack.
- Antigen → Immune Response → Pathogen.
- Disadvantageous reaction → Allergies (autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis,
immunodeficiency diseases, HIV/AIDS).
Blood: Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells, removes carbon dioxide and metabolic
waste products from cells.
- Plasma + Formed elements:
o Ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine.
o Water excess, phosphates, and sulfates.
Plasma, Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, Hematopoiesis
Plasma 57%: Proteins, nutrients, waste, dissolved gases, water, ions.
Leukocytes: Line of defense against pathogens, fighting ability that prevents excessive blood
loss.
Erythrocytes: Oxygen delivery.
Hematopoiesis: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.
Platelets: Help in blood clotting and wound healing.
Red bone marrow: Site of blood cell production.
Lymphatic system: Unwanted materials including infections and cancer cells.
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):: Complex
communication network.
Walking and speakind & breathing heartbea: Transmitting signals and controlling movements
like walking, both voluntary and involuntary (breathing, heartbeat).
The nervous system controls the body's functions.
The central nervous spinal cord - Brain and spinal cord: Acts as the main control center for
processing information and coordinating body activities.
The peritheral nervous system (PNS): cranial and spinal nerves - > links the CNS to the rest of
your bpdy and includes two sub systems the somatic and autonomic nervous
Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates organ systems and maintains homeostasis by
controlling involuntary functions like heartbeat, digestion, pain, and respiratory rate.
- Disease: - pathy (e.g., neuropathy).
- Excessive or abnormal: Hyper- (e.g., hyperglycemia).
- Deficiency, below normal: Hypo- (e.g., hypoglycemia).
Endocrine System Fact:
Many of the body’s cells secrete substances that influence other cells, either locally or at a
distance. Cells that are conspicuously specialized for this function are called endocrine cells.
Within endocrine → "to separate or secrete."
It consists of a network of ductless glands with a rich blood supply that enables the hormones
they produce to enter the bloodstream. These hormones regulate various body functions and help
maintain internal homeostasis.
Nervous System Cells
Nervous Cells
- Neurons : Carry electrical messages throughout the body.
- Neuroglia : Provide metabolic support and immune protection for neurons.
- Neurotransmitters : Chemical messengers that assist in transmitting messages
between neurons.
The endocrine system
Encephalo Brain
Thalam/o Thalamus
Pituitar/o Pituitary gland
Myel/o Spinal cord
Medull/o Medulla
Cerebell/o Cerebellum
Cerebr/o Cerebrum
Gli/o Neuroglial tissue
Meningi/o
Mening/o
Meninges (membranes overing brain and
spinal cord)
Neur/o Nerve
SUFFIXES & PREFIXES
Seizure - lepsi
Speach - phasia
Paralysis
Parcial
Epi- Above, upon
Dys- Bad, painful
Hermi- One half
Para- Near, beside; beyond
Quadri- Four
a- Withoit, nat
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
It provides the body with structure (shape), stability, and the ability to move (movement).
- It consists of bones (skeleton), muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and
other connective tissue.
- Supports the body’s weight.
- Shields vital organs from impact damage.
- Stores essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus which are crucial for bone
and teeth maintenance.
- Produces red and white blood cells (via bone marrow).
Medical specialties
Orthopedics → Branch concerned with disorders, injuries and diseases or musculoskeletal
conditions.
Orthopedist → Employs medical, physical, and surgical methods, such as hip arthroplasty.
Rheumatology → It includes another internal medical specialist on inflammatory and autoimmune
diseases.
Rheumatologist → Specializes in treatment of arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles,
and bones.
Chiropractic medicine → Is a system or therapy based on the theory that disease is caused by
pressure on nerves, especially the ones in spine.
Chiropractor → Uses manual adjustments & holistic approaches and employs radiography to
diagnose, but cannot prescribe medications or perform surgery.
Rheumatologist might refer a patient with severe arthritis to an orthopedist for joint replacement
surgery.
An orthopedist might refer a patient with post-operative pain or persistent inflammation to a
rheumatologist for further evaluation and management.(evaluation)
Word roots
Fasci/o → band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
Fibr/o → fiber, fibrous tissue
Leiomy/o → smooth muscle (visceral)
Lumb/o → loins (lower back)
Myos/o → muscle
Ten/o → tendon
Tend/o → tendon
Tendin/o → tendon
Metacarp/o → metacarpus (hand bones)
Phalang/o → phalanges (finger and toes bones)
Spondyl/o → vertebra (backbone)
Vertebr/o → vertebra (backbone)
Carp/o → carpus (wrist bones)
Cost/o → ribs
Humer/o → humerus (upper arm bone)
Stern/o → sternum (breastbone)
Femor/o → femur (thigh bone)
Fibul/o → fibula (smaller, outer bone of the lower leg)
Patell/o → patella (knee cap)
Radi/o → radiation, x-ray, radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)
Tibi/o → tibia (larger bone of lower leg)
Ankyl/o → stiffness, bent, crooked
Arthr/o → joint
sub- → beneath, under, below
ACTIVIDADES
FORMULARIO DE CLASE
Aquí están las respuestas correspondientes a cada pregunta del formulario:
- The hypothalamus is located in → the brain
- ____________ controls the endocrine system. → The Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus gland uses information from __________ to determine when
to tell other glands when to produce hormones. → the nervous system
- The hypothalamus gland controls → mood, hunger and thirst, sleep patterns.
- The pituitary gland is located _____________ of your brain. → the base
- This tiny gland (pituitary) makes hormones that control several other glands
such as → Thryroid glands, adrenal glands, ovaries and testacles.
- The pituitary gland is also known as → the master gland
- The ____________ is in charge of body growth and metabolism. → pituitary
- The smallest gland is the → pineal
- The __________ gland balances the rhythm of the body. → the pineal
- The pineal secretes → melatonin/sleep hormone
- The pineal is also called → Third eye
- The pineal gland's primary function is → Letting in light and darkness
- The ____________ gland sends signals that make someone feel tired, sleepy,
wake up, and feel alert. → pineal
- This gland has a butterfly shape. → the thyroid
- The thyroid is in charge of your → Metabolism, heart rate and body temperature.
- These 4 tiny glands control the regulation of calcium levels in the blood. →
parathyroid
- The __________ helps to train the white blood cells that protect your immune
system. → thymus
- Thymus hormones ________________ process. → inhibit the aging
- Adrenal glands are located on → top of each kidney
- Adrenal glands control blood pressure, _____________, and stress response. →
body development
- The kidney is traditionally regarded as a ____________ gland. → exocrine
- The kidneys' 3 major functions are → Urine production, regulate body fluid and
excrete waste.
- The kidneys excrete ______________ wastes. → nitrogenous
- _____________ is the largest gland. → the Liver
- The ______________ and ___________ are the pancreas' main functions. →
Exocrine and endocrine
- The pancreas' exocrine function produces ____________ that help with
digestion. → enzymes
- The pancreas' endocrine function __________ hormones that control the
amount of sugar in your _______________. → Sends out, bloodstream
- Ovaries ___________ sex hormones called estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone. → release
- In men, the __________ make sperm and release testosterone hormone. →
testes
