Name: Kathryn Jacobs
Semester : 5th SEMESTER, 2022
Types of Ethnography
Creswell himself distinguished ethnography into the two most popular forms, namely realist
ethnography and critical ethnography. The explanation is as follows:
1. Realist ethnography
Realist ethnography is a popular approach used by cultural anthropologists. Ethnography reflects
the particular attitude taken by the researcher towards the individuals being studied. Realist
ethnography is an objective view of the situation, usually written in the third person, reporting
objectively the information learned from the research subjects at the site. In this realist
ethnography:
a) The ethnographer tells the research from a third person's point of view, reports the
observations of the participants, and their views. The ethnographer does not write down his
personal opinion in the research report and remains behind the scenes as a reporter covering the
facts.
b) Researchers report objective data in a form of information that is measurable, not
contaminated by bias, political goals, and personal judgment. Researchers can describe the daily
life in detail among the people being studied. Ethnographers also use standard categories for
cultural descriptions (eg family life, work life, social networks, and status systems).
c) The ethnographer generates the views of the participants through quotations which is edited
without changing the meaning and has a conclusion in the form of interpretation and presentation
of culture (Windiani & R, 2016: 89-90).
2. Critical ethnography
Critical ethnography is a type of ethnographic research in which the writer is interested in
fighting for the emancipation of marginalized groups in society. Critical researchers usually
