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UW ESS 101: Final Exam Review
questions with answers
Where do shield volcanoes form? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔oceanic hot spots Where do strato volcanoes form? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔subduction zones Where do pyroclastic volcanoes form? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cinder cones Why do fissure eruptions occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔plateau basalts Why do eruptions occur under water? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pillow basalts pluton - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a body of intrusive igneous rock that is crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth
Large plutons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔batholith, stock, laccolith, lopolith Small plutons - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔dikes, sills and necks Where do effusive eruptions occur? Give examples - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔divergent plate boundaries ex. Hawaii, Iceland Where do phreatic eruptions occur? Give examples - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔occurs when magma heats ground or surface water - subduction zone ex. St. Pierre, Pompeii Pacific Northwest volcanoes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens How do we assess volcanic hazards? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Recurrence intervals or the average time or an estimated average time between events What is weathering? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the chemical alteration and physical breakdown of rock material during exposure to the air, moisture, and organic matter
What are the factors of soil formation (Clorpt)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cl imate O rganisms R elief P arent Material T ime How does sediment become a sedimentary rock? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔accumulation, compaction, cementation How are sedimentary rocks classified? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔according to the size, shape, and composition of their constituent particles What are clastic sedimentary rocks? List the types - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔accumulated particles of broken rock or skeletal remains of dead organisms -conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone (shale) -sedimentary breccia, coquina How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed? List the kinds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔by precipitation of minerals from solution in water -limestone, dolostone, rock salt
What is diagensis? Give examples - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔refers to changes that affect sediment after its initial deposition -compaction, cementation, recrystallization, oxidation, reduction What are the sedimentary features? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- stratification (parallel strata, cross strata) -rounding -sorting -Arrangements of particles within a stratum (uniform layers, graded bedding) -Structure and Bedding within Sedimentary Rocks (ripple marks, mud cracks, deltaic structures, graded bedding) -Fossils The Principal of Uniformitarianism (James Hutton, 1785) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-"the present is the key to the past" -The laws of nature do not change with time -The Earth has evolved by uniform, gradual processes over an immense span of time Relative Dating - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-determining the chronological order of a sequence of events
The Geologic Time Scale - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-using the principles of superposition and faunal succession, geologists have determined the chronologic sequence of rocks throughout broad regions of the world and have constructed a standard geologic time scale. -Rock units are distinguished from each other by major changes in rock type, unconformities, or abrupt vertical changes in the fossil groups they contain. How is the geologic time scale divided? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔eons, eras, periods, and epochs subdivsions are defined using evolutionary changes in the fossil record What is natural radioactivity? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Some chemical elements composing the Earth are radioactive and therefore unstable. -In radioactive elements, the unstable nucleus is spontaneously transformed to a more stable isotope of the same chemical element or a stable nucleus of a different chemical element. (Radioactive Decay): parent vs. daughter product rates of decay - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-The rate of decay of the unstable parent radionuclide decreases exponentially (it is not linear). -The rate of decay is defined by half-lives
-Different radionuclides have different half-lives and therefore different effective dating ranges. The assumptions of radiometric dating are... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1) The rock or mineral must be a "closed system."
- We must be able to accurately determine a value for the initial daughter atoms if they were present in mineral or rock sample being dated.
- The value of the decay constant (λ) must be known accurately.
- The measurements of the parent and daughter atoms must be accurate and representative of the rock or mineral to be dated. Isotopic Dating Systems - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1) Potassium-Argon dating T1/2 = 1.3 b.y.
- Radiocarbon Dating T1/2 = 5,730 years read textbook contact metamorphism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma body regional metamorphism - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size
What is the evidence of deformation (geologic structures)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔brittle fracture, faulting: normal faults; reverse and thrust faults; strike-slip; transform faults, geologic evidence of movement along faults How do we classify ductile deformation (bending of rocks)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔measuring folded rock (strike and dip), classifying folds: monoclines; anticlines; synclines; plunging folds; complex folds What is an earthquake? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. What are P waves (compressional)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔can travel through both solids & liquids, moves by a pushing/pulsing motion, arrives "1st" (primary waves) What are S waves (shear)? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ONLY travels through solids, moves by a shearing motion (up & down) and causes the most damage, arrives "second" What is an earthquake's epicenter? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
What are surface waves? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Earthquake waves that travel along the surface of the earth not through the Earth. These are the last waves to arrive. How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Richter Magnitude Scale Where are earthquakes most likely to occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔divergent plate boundaries, convergent plate boundaries as well as intraplate seismicity Where do earthquakes occur in the Pacific Northwest? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔within the North American plate, within the Juan de Fuca plate, and within ruptures along the subduction zone
