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Philosophical Views on Self: Analyzing Key Thinkers, Summaries of Psychology

Adventist University of Philippines (AUP)Psychology

This document delves into the philosophical perspectives on the concept of self, exploring the ideas of various philosophers such as socrates, plato, descartes, hume, kant, ryle, and merleau-ponty. Each philosopher offers unique insights into the nature and formation of the self, providing a comprehensive understanding of human behavior, attitude, and actions. The works of these philosophers, their key ideas, and their contributions to the field of philosophy.

Typology: Summaries

2022/2023

Uploaded on 03/06/2024

Liwanag88
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CHAPTER 1: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELF
PHILOSOPHY
- Derived from the Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia”
which literally means “Love for Wisdom”
- Study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking
and inquiries that involves in answering questions
regarding the nature and existence of man and the
world we live in
- It is imperative to look into the various explanations
from different philosopher their notion of what the
“Self” its nature and how it is formed in order to have a
better picture on how people develop their behaviors,
attitude and actions and to be able to identify and
understand who we are and how we came to be
➢ PHILOSOPHERS:
1. SOCRATES
- “Knowing oneself”
- Men’s goal is to obtain happiness and such goal
motivates us to act towards or avoid things that could
have negative repercussions in our lives
- A person’s acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of
acquisition of knowledge
- His work was never published, we were only able to
know who Socrates is and his works because of his
illustrious students spoke generously and in detail about
his knowledge, wit, wisdom and intellect.
- He could be considered as the first martyr of education,
knowledge and philosophy.
- For lighting up the minds of his students, he was literally
charged with corruption of minors. He was made to
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CHAPTER 1: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELF

PHILOSOPHY

  • Derived from the Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia” which literally means “Love for Wisdom”
  • Study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that involves in answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live in
  • It is imperative to look into the various explanations from different philosopher their notion of what the “Self” its nature and how it is formed in order to have a better picture on how people develop their behaviors, attitude and actions and to be able to identify and understand who we are and how we came to be

➢ PHILOSOPHERS:

1. SOCRATES

  • “Knowing oneself”
  • Men’s goal is to obtain happiness and such goal motivates us to act towards or avoid things that could have negative repercussions in our lives
  • A person’s acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of knowledge
  • His work was never published, we were only able to know who Socrates is and his works because of his illustrious students spoke generously and in detail about his knowledge, wit, wisdom and intellect.
  • He could be considered as the first martyr of education, knowledge and philosophy.
  • For lighting up the minds of his students, he was literally charged with corruption of minors. He was made to

choose between exile and death via the intake of hemlock. Socrates chose the latter, thus dying as a martyr that fights against ignorance and narrow- mindedness

  • He believed that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in our own abilities and wisdom, and that the only way for us to understand ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection. This method of questioning oneself, where the person assumes the role of both the teacher and the student Is known to the world as the Socratic Method or Socratic Conversation
  • By continuously asking and evaluation who we are as a person, we will also be able to understand our strengths and weaknesses, the things that we like and dislike, how we want people to treat us and how we want ourselves to be treated, so by knowing these things we can act in accordance wo what we know we are and live our lives following our knowledge of ourselves. 2. PLATO
  • He wrote several literatures that tackles politics, human nature, and established the idea of virtue and intelligence.
  • He is historically known to be the father of the academy , a place where learning and sharing of knowledge happens, that later became one of the pillars and basis of what schools and education is now in the present.
  • Plato generally followed his teacher and the idea of knowing thyself although from his work with the notable ones such as “The allegory of the cave”, “The apology“ ’, and his work on a perfect government and societal system, “The Republic” where he said that the

THE THREE PARTS OF THE SOUL

In Plato’s Republic and Phaedrus PARTS OF THE SOUL

RATIONAL SPIRITED

(“THYMOS”)

APPETITIVE

Chariot part Charioteer White horse on right Black horse on left Loves Truth/wisdom Honor/victory Pleasure/$$ The Virtue Wisdom Courage Temperance The Vice Pride/sloth Anger/envy Gluttony/Lust/ Greed Somatotype Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph Geographic symbol Athens Sparta Egypt/Phoenicia Body symbol head heart Belly/genitals

3. ST. AUGUSTINE

  • He believes that our notion of ourselves and our idea of existence comes from a higher form (God) in which bodily senses may not perceive or understand, and the more one doubts and question his life means that, that person is actually living.
  • His idea of a man and how to understand who we are as a person is related to our understanding of who we are and how we question ourselves
  • He also rejected the doubtfulness of the academy in which cannot or should not accept ideas from other. He emphasized that we may not be able to give our agreement to everything other people tell us but we can still agree to those who we, from our own perception, think is right or wrong based from our perception

4. RENE DESCARTES (FRENCH)

  • “Methodical Doubt” = a continuous process of questioning what we perceive and accepting the fact that doubting, asking questions are a part of ones’ existence.
  • His belief in Modern Dualism or the existence of mind and body
  • Descartes is known for the statement “Cogito Ergo Sum” which means in English as “I think, therefore I am”. A person is comprised of a mind and body, the body that perceives from the different senses and the mind that thinks and question or doubt what the body has experienced
  • Known to be the father of modern philosophy because of his radical use of systematic and early scientific method to aid ideas and assumptions
  • He explained that because we cannot always trust our senses and in turn what we perceive as who we are or the essence of our existence, we as a rational being should focus on the mind and explained that the more we think and doubt what we perceived from our senses and the answer that came from such thinking or doubting leads to better understanding of ourselves.
  • He also implies that being in a constant doubt regarding one’s existence is proof that a person actually exists 5. JOHN LOCKE (ENGLISH)
  • The concept “Tabula Rasa” which means a Blank Slate. He believed that the experiences and perceptions of a person is important in the establishment of who that person can become.
  • He stated that a person is born with knowing nothing and that is susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of learning from the experiences, failures, references, and observations of the person.
  • There is no permanent “Self”, since our impressions of things based from our experiences and from such impression we can create our ideas and knowledge which leads to the argument that since our impression and ideas change, it may improve and totally be replaced means that one change occurred the same phenomenon of what will happen to one’s idea of who he is and what he can do 7. IMMANUEL KANT (GERMAN)
  • “Transcendental Apperception” is an essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding and establishing the notion of “self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of experiences, intuition and imagination goes.
  • Known for his works on empiricism and rationalism
  • He responded to Hume’s work by trying to establish that the collection of impressions and different contents is what it only takes to define a person
  • He argued that the awareness of different emotions that we have, impressions and behavior is only a part of our self. He said that to fully understand who we are, a certain level of consciousness or sense that uses out intuition which synthesizes all the experiences, impressions and perceptions of ourselves will pave the way to define and know who we really are.
  • We can say that we are not only an object that perceives and reacts to whatever it is that we are experiencing, we also have the capabilities to understand beyond those experiences and be able to think and have a clear identification who we are and establish a sense of self that is unique and distinct from others 8. SIGMUND FREUD (AUSTRIAN)
  • Also known as the father of psychoanalysis
  • Known for his work on human nature and the unconscious.
  • He believed that man has different constructs of personality that interacts with each other and along with his concept of the different levels of consciousness provides an idea how a person develops a sense of self
    • ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY: a. ID - the primitive and instinctive component of personality. Also known as the child aspect of a person. Its attention is on satisfaction of one’s needs and self-gratification. It is driven by the pleasure principle b. SUPEREGO - incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. It is the conscience of one’s personality. Has the inclination to uphold justice and do what is morally right

9. GILBERT RYLE

  • His Behavioristic approach to self, that the behavior that we show, emotions, and actions are the reflection of our mind and as such is the manifestation of who we are.
  • His explanation of self is further exemplified in his “ghost in the machine” view. This view said the man is a complex machine with different functioning parts, and the intelligence, and other characteristics or behavior of man is represented by the ghost in the said machine.
  • He does not believe that the mind and body, though some say can coexist, are two separate entities which is said to be evident in the unexplainable phenomenon or abilities of the mind where the soul is considered.
  • To him, we encounter others, their perceptions of what we do, how we act, and the way we behave will then result to the understanding of other people and establishing of who we are 10. PAUL CHURCHLAND (CANADIAN)
  • He built the idea Eliminative Materialism opposes that people’s common sense understanding of the mind is false and that most of the mental states that people subscribe to, in turn, do not actually exist, this leads to his idea of Neurophilosophy.
  • The brain can be the basis of who the person is, this is emphasized by Churchland in the statement “The Brain as the Self”.
  • He focusses on the idea that people should improve our association and use of words in identifying the self. He has this idea that the “Self” is defined by the movements of our brain
  • His works revolve around challenging of the notion and terms being used to explain behavior or to explain how

a person feels, thinks, and act with regards to physiological phenomenon as well as definitions brought about by emotions, this is one of the notions of the concept of Folk Psychology also known as common sense psychology

11. MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY (FRENCH)

  • He is known for his works on existentialism and phenomenology
  • His idea of the self, regarded that the body and mind are not separable entities , but rather those two components is one and the same. His idea that follows the gestalt ideation where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts in which pushed his idea on the unity of the function of the mind and body, this idea is called the Phenomenology of Perception
  • THE IDEA OF PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION IS DIVIDED INTO THREE (3) DIVISIONS: a. THE BODY – both receives the experience as well as integrates such experiences in the different perception. b. THE PERCEIVED WORLD - which are the accumulation of the perception as integrated by the experiences of the body. c. THE PEOPLE AND THE WORLD - enable one to not only be able to integrate the other objects in the world but also to be able to experience the cultural aspect and relate to others.
  • For him, perception guides our action based from what our experiences are