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Chapter 6: Understanding Local Networks The Human Brain as the Neural Networks By Daniel Shiffmann The human brain can be described as a biological neural network—an interconnected web of neurons transmitting elaborate patterns of electrical signals. Dendrites receive input signals and, based on those inputs, fire an output signal via an axon. Or something like that. How the human brain actually works is an elaborate and complex mystery. Developing engaging animated systems does not require scientific rigor or accuracy. It can simply be inspired by the idea of brain function. Computer scientists have long been inspired by the human brain. In 1943, Warren S. McCulloch, a neuroscientist, and Walter Pitts, a logician, developed the first conceptual model of an artificial neural network. In their paper, "A logical calculus of the ideas imminent in nervous activity,” they describe the concept of a neuron, a single cell livin g in a network of cells that receives inputs, processes those inputs, and generates an output. Neural Networks Individual neurons cannot carry enough information to determine the taste of a bite of food or the color of an object. Color processing, for example, depends on just four-labeled lines carrying information about red, green, blue, and yellow light. However, we can distinguish millions of colors by comparing the relative activity in these four pathways. In other cases, the brain combines the activity form number of neurons. A good example is the discrimination of Objectives:
- Illustrate how the brain or neural network works.
- Compare neural networks with social networks.
- Discover roles and unique capacities in an interdependent connections and relationships.
sound in the lower frequency range. Neurons from the ear “follow” frequencies up to about 5, cycles per second, but you know that a single neurons cannot fire more often than about 1,00 0 times per second. However, some neurons will be firing on each wave of the sound, and the brain must pool their activity to determine the sounds frequency. This processing requires complex networks of neurons; neural networks are groups of neurons hat function together to carry out a process. Neural networks are where the most complex neutral processing—the “computing” work of the brain—is carried out. Sometimes, these networks involve a relatively small number of neurons in a single area, such as groups of neurons in a part of the rat’s brain called the hippocampus. During an experiment-imposed delay in maze running, these store the rat’s preceding choices and calculate its next choice. They perform so reliably that the researcher can use their activity to predict which way the rat will turn after the delay (Pastalkova, Itskov, Amarasingham, & Buzaki 2008). Because researches have found these networks to be discouragingly complex and rather inaccessible, some are creating artificial neural networks on computers. Scientist Locate “Internal Compass” in the Brain By Xinhua LONDON. The part of the brain that tells us the direction to travel when we navigate has been identified by British scientists, a study showed on Friday. It has long been known that some people are better at navigating than others, but until now it has been unclear why. The latest study, led by researchers from University College London (UCL), shows that the strength and reliability of "homing signals" in the human brain vary among people and can predict navigational ability, Xinhua reports. The research reveals that the part of the brain that signals which direction you are facing, called the entorhinal region, is also used to signal the direction in which you need to travel to reach your destination. In other words, the researchers have found where our "sense of direction" comes from in the brain and worked out a way to measure it using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the study, 16 volunteers were asked to familiarise themselves with a simple virtual courtyard, and navigate towards certain objects placed in four corners of the virtual room. They
The Story of The Rainbow (Indian Legend) Anne Hope “Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel: all claimed that they were the best, the most important, the most useful, the favorite. Green said: “Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, leaves, trees–without me, all animals would die. Look out over the countryside and you will see that I am in the majority.” Blue interrupted: “You only think about the Earth, but consider the sky and sea. It is the water that is the basis of life and drawn up by the clouds from the deep sea. The sky gives space and peace and serenity. Without my peace, you would all be nothing.” Yellow chuckled. “You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety, and warmth to the world. The sun is yellow, the moon is yellow, the stars are yellow. Ever time you look at a sunflower, the whole world starts to smile. Without me, there would be no fun.” Orange started next to blow her trumpet. “I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce but I am precious for I serve the needs of human life. I carry the most important vitamins. Think of carrots, pumpkins, oranges and mangos. don’t hang around all the time, but when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset, my beauty is so striking that no one gives another thought to any of you.” Red could stand it no longer. He shouted out: “I am the ruler of all of you. I am blood! Life’s blood. I am the color of danger and of bravery. I am willing to fight for a cause. I bring fire to the blood! I am the color of passion and of love, the red rose, the poppy and the poinsettia. Without me, the earth would be as empty as the moon!” Purple rose up to his full height. He was very tall and spoke with great pomp: “I am the color of royalty and power. Kings, chiefs, and bishops have always chosen me for I am a sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me. They obey.” Finally, Indigo spoke, much more quietly than all the others but with just as much determination: “think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me, you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection, twilight and deep water. You need me for balance and contrast, for prayer and inner peace.” And so all the colors went on boasting and quarreling, each convinced of their own superiority. Soon, their quarreling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightening! Thunder rolled and boomed! Rain started to pour down relentlessly. The colors crouched down in fear drawing close to one another for comfort. In the midst of the clamor, Rain began to speak: “You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don’t you know you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me.” Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands. The rain continued: “From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky in a great bow of colors as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow.” And so, whenever a good rain washes the world and a rainbow appears in the sky, let us remember to appreciate one another”.
References: https://natureofcode.com/book/chapter- 10 - neural-networks/ https://www.inform.kz/en/scientists-locate-internal-compass-in-the- brain_a2729038#:~:text=The%20latest%20study%2C%20led%20by,predict%20naviga tional%20ability%2C%20Xinhua%20reports. For further readings please refer to the links provided: neural networks, connections and relationships https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfmFfD2RIcg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgr_g1q2ikA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwBG5q-Ntzs
