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Tulane, Rollins Psych test 4 Questions with Solutions
1. What are the two main types of treatment for psychological disorders?: Psy-
chotheraphy and Biomedical
2. What are the main types of Psychotherapy?: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy,
Humanistic Therapy, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive-be- havior therapy, and the Eclectic approach.
3. What is the eclectic approach to therapy?: A variety of methods, principles and
philosophies are used to create a treatment program for each individual patient.
4. What was the first psychotherapy and who developed it?: Psychoanalysis, which
used talking techniques and dream analysis to make a person aware of repressed, unconscious conflicts and impulses. It was pioneered by Freud.
5. What is the aim of psychoanalysis?: To make the individual aware enough of these
themes to get them on track to solving their issues.
6. What is the main focus of psychodynamic therapy?: The modern version of
psychotherapy is Psychodynamic Therapy, which focuses more on self-understand- ing, recurring themes, and social relationships.
7. What are the goals of humanistic psychotherapy?: Humanistic therapy aims to
remove the barriers that prevent a person from reaching their full potential, and enhance the patient's self-awareness and self-acceptance.
8. What are the characteristics and methods of Rogers's client-centered thera- py?: A
therapist sits and listens to a patient and acts more like a close acquaintance and companion instead of one who interprets and judges. The therapist must show the patient Acceptance (unconditional positive regard for the patient), Genuine- ness (the patient is right and good no matter what), and Empathy (often uses Reflection, or simply paraphrasing and repeating what the patient is saying, albeit in a thoughtful and caring tone).
9. What is the general focus and goal of behavior therapy? What are the two
types?: Behavior Theory is where psychological disorders are seen as an abnormal pattern of learned behaviors. The two types are exposure with response prevention (flooding) and systematic desensitization.
10. What is exposure with response prevention (flooding)?: A patient who suf- fers
from a phobia is exposed to the object of their phobia (provided it is harmless) and is prevented from escaping. Though they will be terrified at first, they will eventually calm down and realize that the situation is harmless
shown the situation from each level of the hierarchy (starting with the first) until they no longer feel anxiety from it.
12. What is the main goal of the cognitive therapies? What are some tech- niques used
in cognitive therapies?: The goal is to change one's pattern of think- ing from maladaptive thought patterns towards focus on more productive things. Techniques include Beck's Cognitive Therapy, which is correcting the irrational thoughts a person may have by pointing out how irrational such thoughts are, and Self-Statement Modification, or the alteration of their negative self-statements into more constructive and positive ones.
13. What are the 3 types of biomedical treatments?: *Electroconvulsive shock therapy
(ECT)*, Psychosurgery, and Psychoactive drugs.
14. What is electroconvulsive shock therapy? For what is it used today? Is it effective?
What is the main side effect?: The application of strong electric shocks to a patient in order to produce convulsions. Nowadays, when this treatment is used, the patient is anesthetized, given muscle relaxants, and treated with weaker shocks. It is normally only used to treat severe depression, and is apparently one of the most highly-effective
treatments in all of medicine.
15. What is psychosurgery? What is prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy? What were
the general effects of lobotomy? Are lobotomies used to treat psychological disorders today?: Psychosurgery is the removal or destruction of brain tissue in order to treat psychological disorders. The Pre-Frontal Lobotomy was drilling a hole in the skull and inserting an instrument to sever the connection between the frontal lobes and the limbic system. Common results were lethargy, immaturity, impulsivity, and the loss of personality and creativity. However, it made people easier to handle. Today, these procedures are rarely if ever used and they are way more elegant if they are used. It is much more mathematical and only used if all else has failed.
16. What is deep-brain stimulation? P. 686-687: Pinpointing neural hub between
frontal lobes and limbic system. Overactive in depressed people. Experimental. Mayberg.
17. What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? P. 686: is a form of brain
stimulation therapy used to treat depression and anxiety. It has been in use since
- The therapy involves using a magnet to target and stimulate certain areas of the brain.
18. What are neuroleptics/antipsychotics (Haldol, Thorazine, Risperdal) used to treat?
How do they affect dopamine?: Neuroleptics/Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat
effective type?: Mood Stabilizers are used to treat Bipolar disorders. The most effective mood stabilizer is Lithium, since it controls both the manic and depressive states. If this does not, they are normally prescribed antidepressants and anticonvulsants
24. What are anxiolytics used to treat? What are benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)?
How do they work (neurotransmitter)?: Anxiolytics are used to treat anxiety. One type is benzodiazepines, like Valium and Xanax, which usually cause drowsiness and relaxation, and can be somewhat addictive. Benzodiazepines work neurologically as act as GABA agonists.
25. psychopathology: study of mental illness
26. abnormal psychology: Study of mental abnormalities
27. psychological disorder: Ongoing patterns of though, emotion, and behavior that
impair functioning, deviate from the norm, cause distress and disrupt lives
28. True: mental illness like bipolarity, schizophrenia found in all cultures. bulimia and
anorexia found in western culture
29. Biopsychosocial Model: Biologically people are effected by genetics, hor- mones,
neurotransmitters, brain injuries, diseases/infections, and physical health. Psychologically people are affected by self-esteem, temperament and stress. Social- ly
people are affected by one's quality of relationships, culture, and socioeconomic status
30. Poverty: children show decrease in behavior problems when their families rise
about the poverty line
31. DSM-V: list of criteria that a person must meet in order to be diagnosed with a
disorder; provides consistent diagnosis
32. Stigmatization of diagnosis: changes the way other people interpret the per- son's
behaviors (normal behaviors can be seen as symptoms of an illness)
33. Sympathetic arousal: increased heart rate, sweating, high blood pressure,
trembling, dizziness, upset stomach (psychical symptoms of anxiety disorders)
34. Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive, long-lasting, free-floating anxiety (for no
apparent reason) hyper-vigilant (constant looking over their shoulder, constant threat), dread, dis- tractibility, irritability, tense, worry, insomnia, exaggerated startle, nausea, dizziness commonly paired with depression
35. Panic disorder: Recurrent panic attacks
Sudden, unpredictable, intense anxiety May lead to agoraphobia (don't completely overlap) Fear of situations in which escape may be difficult or in which help might not be
Caused by people who endure Horrific, uncontrollable events like Veterans and sexual assault victims more vulnerable if more sensitive nervous system, or high on the trait of neuroticism
41. obsessive compulsive disorder: Obsessions create anxiety, anxiety fuels
compulsions
42. obsessions: uncontrollable thoughts, doubts, images, impulses
43. compulsions: irresistible urges, repetitive behaviors (checking, counting, ar-
ranging, repeating)
44. major depressive disorder psychological systems: Sadness, guilt, low
self-esteem, pessimism, anhedonia (loss of pleasure), anxiety, poor concentration, social isolation, worthlessness, cry easily
45. major depressive disorder Physical symptoms: Change in eating and sleep- ing,
pain, low energy, weakened immune system
46. biological factors involved in depression: genetic predisposition
Neurotransmitters (NE, 5-HT, DA) Stress response (greater physiological responses to stress)
47. psychological and social factors involved in depression: Neuroticism Greater
reaction to negative and decreased reaction to positive events learned helplessness and external locus of control Perfectionism Negative explanatory style (overgeneralize, pessimistic, self-blaming conclusions) Lack of self-serving bias
54. Delusions: firmly held beliefs despite a lack of objective supporting evidence
55. delusions of persecution: believes other people are trying to harm them (family
poisoning food, FBI agents following you)
56. delusions of grandeur: believes they are much more important than usual
(believe they are god, king of universe, scientists/leaders trying to contact you)
57. Ideas of reference: believe random events are personally relevant (seeing
strangers having a conversation and believing they are talking about you)
58. loose associations: disorganized speech; thoughts and speech jump around
59. flat affect: lack of appropriate emotion, monotone voice and no change in facial
expression
60. positive symptoms: presence of inappropriate behaviors in schizophrenia (hal-
lucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotion, bizarre behavior)
61. negative symptoms: Absence of appropriate behaviors (flat affect, social with- draw,
lack of goal directed activity) Worse prognosis, less likely to respond to medicine
62. late teens to early 20s: when schizophrenia begins; Symptoms may have Sudden
or gradual onset, chronic or episodic; if symptoms appear suddenly and as a result of stress than the person will be more likely to outgrow it
63. biological factors schizophrenia: —if person has close relative with it they're more
likely to get it —adopted person more likely to get it from biological parents but not more likely to get it if adoptive parent had it —people can still get it even if genes don't dictate —people with older biological fathers are more likely to get it -linked to neurotransmitter imbalances
64. personality disorders: Disruptive, long-standing, inflexible, dysfunctional pat- terns
of behavior and thought that impair social functioning
65. antisocial personality disorder: Psychopaths, sociopaths
Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others (against society)
66. antisocial personality disorder: biological factors: Genetic influence Low
reactivity- Minimal physiological arousal under stress Physical response to distress Prefrontal cortex, serotonin Psychological, sociocultural factors: Poverty, instability, Abuse
67. epigenetics: study of how nurture shapes nature; enviro can affect whether a
genes is expressed or not, and that affects development of various psychological
asked to say whatever comes to mind - stream of consciousness - believed that once people were free associating, they would let their guard down and lead into their unconscious) Dream analysis: dreams were the royal road to the unconscious mind; Freud felt that unconscious conflicts and desires would express themselves in dreams in highly symbolic form
74. Id: part of personality we are born with, totally unconscious, consists of basic
instincts and desires Operates according to pleasure principle - insists upon doing whatever feels good regardless of social rules (immediate gratification) Newborns are ruled by their Id
75. Ego: develops over the next few years in order to try and gratify the id in socially
acceptable ways Operates on the reality principle - in reality you cannot have immediate gratification (helps to delay gratification) Serves as a mediator between the id and the super ego
76. Super Ego: develops around the age of 4 or 5
Internalizes the values of ones parents and society
Operates according to the morality principle - it is the moral part of personality Demands perfection and serves as ones conscience Responsible for feelings of guilt, pride, shame
77. How do the id, ego, and super ego relate to the ice berg analogy?: the mind
resembles and iceberg with a great deal hidden beneath the surface, this means
84. Oral Stage: birth - 18 months
the erogenous zone is the mouth, and supposedly the infant obtains pleasure by sucking and biting (problem arises during weaning from breastfeeding) If someone is weaned too early or too late, they become fixated on the mouth and are constantly trying to indulge their mouth (eating, chewing gum, talking, etc)
85. Anal Stage: 18-36 months
erogenous zone is anus; kids in anal stage obtain pleasure by holding and eliminat- ing feces conflict comes when society requires toilet training and only using the bathroom in appropriate places training too early or too late causing fixation in adulthood - rigid adherence to rules, overly tidy and uptight, why people say someone is "anal"
86. Phallic Stage: 3-6 years
phallic stage is genitals (Oedipus and Electra complex)
87. Oedipus Complex: 3-6 yr old boys
unconsciously sexually desires his mother; wants to be with his mom in sexual way/ sees
dad as a rival for moms affection and therefore wants to get rid of dad around this same time the child notices that there are others who don't have penises (girls) and will stop pursuing the mother in the fear that the father will cut off their penis believed they will then try to associate and act like their father
88. Electra complex: sexually desire their father and try to get rid of their mother
realize that other people have penises and start to believe that their mother cut of their penis and wonder what else she can do (penis envy) scared of losing mothers love and try to act like their mother
89. Latency Period: 6 to adolesence(puberty)
no erogenous zone, no big conflict; sexual impulses lie dormant - kids just focus on developing social skills and playing with other kids
90. Genital Stage: adolescence/puberty onwards
erogenous zone is genitals redirect earlier desire for parents to an age appropriate target (girls penis envy turns into desire for a baby)
91. According to Alfred Adler, why do we struggle for superiority and power?: - believed
most of our efforts are triggered by a need to overcome childhood inferiority feelings
