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Tulane, Rollins Psych Test 4 Newest Test
Bank 2025-2026. Questions & Correct
Verified Answers. Graded A
abnormal psychology – ANS Study of mental abnormalities According to Alfred Adler, why do we struggle for superiority and power? – ANS believed most of our efforts are triggered by a need to overcome childhood inferiority feelings that trigger or striving for superiority and power According to the Eysencks, upon what biological factors were these trait dimensions based? - ANSwhere a person lies on trait dimensions are genetically based and reflective of baseline activity in the nervous system (baseline activiation/arousal level) Anal Stage - ANS18-36 months erogenous zone is anus; kids in anal stage obtain pleasure by holding and eliminating feces conflict comes when society requires toilet training and only using the bathroom in appropriate places training too early or too late causing fixation in adulthood - rigid adherence to rules, overly tidy and uptight, why people say someone is "anal" antisocial personality disorder - ANSbiological factors: Genetic influence Low reactivity- Minimal physiological arousal under stress Physical response to distress
Prefrontal cortex, serotonin Psychological, sociocultural factors: Poverty, instability, Abuse antisocial personality disorder - ANSPsychopaths, sociopaths Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others (against society) behavioral approach system (BAS) - ANSinfluences sensitivity to rewards and motivation to seek out rewards a highly active BAS is more motivated to gain rewards, experience rewards more intensily, more positive emotions but vulnerable to impulsivitiy. behavioral inhibition system (BIS) - ANSrelates to sensitivity to punishment and motivation to avoid punishment because they experience it more intensly, prone to negative emotions (anxiety) biological factors involved in depression - ANSgenetic predisposition Neurotransmitters (NE, 5-HT, DA) Stress response (greater physiological responses to stress) biological factors of anxiety disorders - ANSgenetic predisposition neurotransmitter imbalance More sensitive and reactive Brain and autonomic nervous system biological factors schizophrenia - ANS—if person has close relative with it they're more likely to get it
Delusions - ANSfirmly held beliefs despite a lack of objective supporting evidence delusions of grandeur - ANSbelieves they are much more important than usual (believe they are god, king of universe, scientists/leaders trying to contact you) delusions of persecution - ANSbelieves other people are trying to harm them (family poisoning food, FBI agents following you) DSM-V - ANSlist of criteria that a person must meet in order to be diagnosed with a disorder; provides consistent diagnosis Ego - ANSdevelops over the next few years in order to try and gratify the id in socially acceptable ways Operates on the reality principle - in reality you cannot have immediate gratification (helps to delay gratification) Serves as a mediator between the id and the super ego Electra complex - ANSsexually desire their father and try to get rid of their mother realize that other people have penises and start to believe that their mother cut of their penis and wonder what else she can do (penis envy) scared of losing mothers love and try to act like their mother
epigenetics - ANSstudy of how nurture shapes nature; enviro can affect whether a genes is expressed or not, and that affects development of various psychological disorders erogenous zone - ANSpleasure sensitive area of the body external locus of control - ANSdo not feel much sense of personal control; feel more controlled by their environments rather than controlling their environments Whatever happens is a matter of luck or fate extroverts - ANShave low baseline level of arousal and seek out more stimulating environments, have a higher level of reward, tend to experience more positive emotions and dress more expressively fixation - ANSenduring, rigid focus on a particular erogenous zone
- Can occur if the erogenous zone is over or under indulged (if it gets too much attention or too little attention, one can become fixated on the erogenous zone conflict has affect on adult personality flat affect - ANSlack of appropriate emotion, monotone voice and no change in facial expression Generalized anxiety disorder - ANSexcessive, long-lasting, free-floating anxiety (for no apparent reason)
How do illusory correlations contribute to prejudice? - ANSThe beliefs that the behavior of one person is directly correlated with the behavior of the entire group to which they belong; we see their bad behavior as characteristic of all group members. How do social inequalities contribute to prejudice? - ANSStereotypes can influence our automatic, knee-jerk responses. These ideas tend to come about thanks to Social Inequalities. One such inequality is monetary standing; when one has more money and privilege, they tend to develop attitudes that justify their position, as well as the positions of those "beneath" them. How do the id, ego, and super ego relate to the ice berg analogy? - ANSthe mind resembles and iceberg with a great deal hidden beneath the surface, this means that a great deal of it is hidden beneath the surface we only see portions of the ego and super ego with the id under the surface How does blaming the victim contribute to prejudice? - ANSVictim blaming confirms our prejudices about certain people. If we believe that some people had partial responsibility we tend to see them a certain way. How does confirmation bias contribute to prejudice? - ANSWe develop a confirmation bias, meaning we look for examples that confirm our beliefs, and classify those who disagree with stereotypes as exceptions to the rule
How does depression relate to the self-serving bias and realism? - ANSPeople with depression lack self-serving bias; actually see some events more realistically than those who are not depressed How does hindsight bias contribute to prejudice? - ANSOur inclination to think that we would have known what would happen in any given situation ahead of time; the "I knew it all along" phenomenon. Causes us to blame the victim when misfortune happens. How does ignorance of one's own privilege contribute to prejudice? - ANSThose who have privilege in a society to recognize the ways in which they are privileged. This leads them to label those who lack such privileges as whiny and other such terms. How does in-group favoritism contribute to prejudice? - ANSThe preference towards favoring groups to which we belong. This is even true of groups formed by the mere toss of a coin. How does learning contribute to prejudice? - ANSStereotypes are largely learned, so is prejudice. How does love tend to change over the course of time (in terms of passionate and companionate love)? - ANSPassionate Love tends to involve strong emotion and tends to be more fleeting. Companionate Love involves a deep, steady, emotional attachment. Relationships normally begin with passionate love and transition into companionate love.
Ideas of reference - ANSbelieve random events are personally relevant (seeing strangers having a conversation and believing they are talking about you) internal locus of control - ANSfeels that they control what happens to them; their actions have an influence on what happens; feel that they can control events in their lives - associated with health and well being Take active steps to control environment introverts - ANShave high levels of baseline arousal and seek out calm environments, avoid overstimulation, have more neutral emotions, and less sensitive to reward late teens to early 20s - ANSwhen schizophrenia begins; Symptoms may have Sudden or gradual onset, chronic or episodic; if symptoms appear suddenly and as a result of stress than the person will be more likely to outgrow it Latency Period - ANS6 to adolesence(puberty) no erogenous zone, no big conflict; sexual impulses lie dormant - kids just focus on developing social skills and playing with other kids lemon juice experiment - ANSintroverts salivate more when a drop of lemon juice is placed on tongue loose associations - ANSdisorganized speech; thoughts and speech jump around
major depressive disorder Physical symptoms - ANSChange in eating and sleeping, pain, low energy, weakened immune system major depressive disorder psychological systems - ANSSadness, guilt, low self-esteem, pessimism, anhedonia (loss of pleasure), anxiety, poor concentration, social isolation, worthlessness, cry easily mania - ANSemotional symptoms - euphoria, irritability cognitive symptoms - optimism, poor judgment, grandiosity(exaggerated belief in own importance and capabilities), impulsive ideas, easily distracted, poor insight of condition (don't realize they are in an abnormal state) behavioral symptoms - hyperactivity, insomnia, talkativeness, recklessness, pressured speech (urgent speaking, pressure behind words), energy, immature and reckless behavior MMPI - ANSMinnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory asses psychological disorders and personality Negative explanatory style - ANSovergeneralize, pessimistic, self-blaming conclusions negative symptoms - ANSAbsence of appropriate behaviors (flat affect, social withdraw, lack of goal directed activity) Worse prognosis, less likely to respond to medicine
If someone is weaned too early or too late, they become fixated on the mouth and are constantly trying to indulge their mouth (eating, chewing gum, talking, etc) Panic disorder - ANSRecurrent panic attacks Sudden, unpredictable, intense anxiety May lead to agoraphobia (don't completely overlap) Fear of situations in which escape may be difficult or in which help might not be available Perfectionism - ANSif hoping for perfection, then constantly disappointed Personality - ANSThe characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. personality disorders - ANSDisruptive, long-standing, inflexible, dysfunctional patterns of behavior and thought that impair social functioning Phallic Stage - ANS3-6 years phallic stage is genitals (Oedipus and Electra complex) positive symptoms - ANSpresence of inappropriate behaviors in schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotion, bizarre behavior) Poverty - ANSchildren show decrease in behavior problems when their families rise about the poverty line
psychological and social factors - ANSHigh Neuroticism, more vulnerable Attentional bias (more likely to notice possible threatening things in environment) Interpretation of situation (see neutral as danger) low self-efficacy (idea that you can make a difference) negative stressful events cause/worsen a disorder learning (observational, cc, avoiding what you fear) psychological and social factors involved in depression - ANSNeuroticism Greater reaction to negative and decreased reaction to positive events learned helplessness and external locus of control Perfectionism Negative explanatory style (overgeneralize, pessimistic, self-blaming conclusions) Lack of self-serving bias Stress, rejection psychological disorder - ANSOngoing patterns of though, emotion, and behavior that impair functioning, deviate from the norm, cause distress and disrupt lives psychopathology - ANSstudy of mental illness PTSD - ANSFlashbacks, nightmares, haunting memories, jumpy, cranky, withdrawn, insomnia
Operates according to the morality principle - it is the moral part of personality Demands perfection and serves as ones conscience Responsible for feelings of guilt, pride, shame Sympathetic arousal - ANSincreased heart rate, sweating, high blood pressure, trembling, dizziness, upset stomach (psychical symptoms of anxiety disorders) the unconscious, How does it relate to psychological disorder in Freud's theory? - ANScontains thoughts, feelings, desires, memories outside of our conscious awareness Freud believed many disorders were because of the unawareness of unconscious problems True - ANSmental illness like bipolarity, schizophrenia found in all cultures. bulimia and anorexia found in western culture unconditional positive regard - ANSpeople love and accept us despite flaws, no strings attached better supports personal growth What are anxiolytics used to treat? What are benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)? How do they work (neurotransmitter)? - ANSAnxiolytics are used to treat anxiety. One type is benzodiazepines, like Valium and Xanax, which usually cause drowsiness and relaxation, and can be somewhat addictive. Benzodiazepines work neurologically as act as GABA agonists.
What are attitudes? How do attitudes relate to actions? - ANSBeliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions to people, situations, or things. We try and seek consistency between our actions and attitudes. Also, attitudes have quite an impact on our behavior and our actions and behaviors can also affect our attitudes. What are attributions? Dispositional/internal attributions? Situational/external attributions? - ANSAttributions are inferences we make about the causes of behavior. In a dispositional/internal attribution, people infer that a person's behavior is due to internal, personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. Situational/external attributions infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors. What are defense mechanisms (in general)? - ANSunconscious psychological behavioral tactics that protect a person from unpleasant emotions by hiding or distorting reality What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development - ANSOral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Stage, Genital Stage What are mirror-image perceptions? P. 563 - ANSWe tend to think our enemies are bad and they tend to think were bad. What are mood stabilizers and what do they treat? What is typically the most effective type? - ANSMood Stabilizers are used to treat Bipolar disorders. The most effective mood stabilizer is Lithium, since it controls
in towns with lower population density, it is more likely that individuals will help. We also tend to assess and weigh the pros and cons in relation to ourselves and see if it would be detrimental or beneficial to help What are SSRI's (such as Prozac, Zoloft) and how do they work? What disorders are antidepressants used to treat? - ANSWhat these do, essentially, is bring a person back from severe depression, and keep them from going back to being deeply depressed. What are stereotypes? What is prejudice? What is discrimination? - ANSStereotypes are beliefs about entire groups of people, typically involving the false assumption that all members of a group share the same characteristics. Prejudice involves the unjustified evaluation or judgment of someone based solely on the group to which they belong. Discrimination is the action component of prejudice, and involves differential treatment of someone based on the group which they belong to. What are the 3 types of biomedical treatments? - ANSElectroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), Psychosurgery, and Psychoactive drugs. What are the characteristics and methods of Rogers's client-centered therapy? - ANSA therapist sits and listens to a patient and acts more like a close acquaintance and companion instead of one who interprets and judges. The therapist must show the patient Acceptance (unconditional positive regard for the patient), Genuineness (the patient is right and good no matter what), and Empathy (often uses Reflection, or simply
paraphrasing and repeating what the patient is saying, albeit in a thoughtful and caring tone). What are the dimensions of personality in Eysenck's trait theory? - ANSTwo major dimensions to personality - (1) introversion/extroversion; (2) emotionality/stability What are the four main approaches to studying personality? - ANS1. Psychodynamic
- Humanistic
- Trait
- Social-cognitive What are the general classes of antidepressants and which are most commonly prescribed today? - ANSThe classes include MAO-I's, Trycilic drugs, and Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's). The most commonly prescribed today are Zoloft, Prozac and Paxil. What are the goals of humanistic psychotherapy? - ANSHumanistic therapy aims to remove the barriers that prevent a person from reaching their full potential, and enhance the patient's self-awareness and self-acceptance. What are the main types of Psychotherapy? - ANSPsychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy, Humanistic Therapy, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive-behavior therapy, and the Eclectic approach.
