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D399 INTRO TO GERONTOLOGY TEST
active life expectancy - ✔️a way of describing expected length of life, the term active denoting a manner of living that is relatively healthy and independent centenarians - ✔️people in the population of 100 years or older chronic diseases - ✔️diseases, like heart disease and diabetes, that require long-term medical care and related long-term care services and supports compression of morbidity - ✔️relatively long periods of healthy, active, high-quality existence, and relatively short periods of illness and dependency in the last few years of life crossover effect - ✔️elders of color (mostly men) who survive beyond age 75, having longer life expectancies after age 75 than their white counterparts demographer - ✔️a person who studies populations and population trends and characteristics demographic trends - ✔️changes that occur in population, such as the increase in median age demographics - ✔️the study of populations and their characteristics in a society, e.g., changes in population due to deaths, births or migrations dependency ratio - ✔️the number of people age 65 and older to every 100 people of traditional working ages (18-64) dependent life expectancy - ✔️a way of describing expected length of life where one is dependent on help from others hardiness - ✔️how well an individual copes with disease or other stressors. Affected by both genetics and past experiences individual aging process -
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✔️the physiological, psychological, and social aging process in a person, as opposed to population aging, which refers to the aging of an entire population life expectancy - ✔️the average length of time persons in a given society and subgroups defined by age, gender, race, and ethnicity are expected to live maximum life span - ✔️the biologically programmed maximum number of years that each species can expect to live median age - ✔️the age between two numerically equal groups in a population- one group being older than this age, and the other group being younger than this age oldest-old - ✔️people who are 85 years and older old-old - ✔️people who are 75- population aging - ✔️the aging of an entire population, such as the aging of people within a particular country, as opposed to the aging process of an individual super-centenarians - ✔️older adults who have reached age 110+ support ratio - ✔️the relationship between the proportion of the population that is employed (Defined as productive and able to support others) and the proportion that is not in the workforce (viewed as dependent or as requiring support) anthropology of aging - ✔️the exploration and understanding of aging within and across the diversity of human cultures biculturalism - ✔️the process of integrating two distinct cultures so that they can meaningfully co- exist comparative sociocultural gerontology - ✔️comparing the experiences of older adults across various cultures demographic divide - ✔️dichotomy between the needs of young and old in countries where both age groups need some assistance
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✔️short-term disease or infection, often more debilitating to older than younger adults atherosclerosis - ✔️accumulation of fats in the arteries and veins, blocking circulation of the blood biological aging - ✔️the physiological changes that reduce the efficiency of organ systems, such as the lungs, heart, and the circulatory system and may affect functioning over time, but not necessarily result in disease or death cataract - ✔️clouding of the lens of the eye, reducing sight and sometimes leading to blindness; requires surgical extraction of the lens cellular aging theory - ✔️an explanation that aging occurs as cells slow their number of replications, based on the observation that cells grown in controlled laboratory environments are able to replicate only a finite number of times cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - ✔️occurs when a portion of the brain is completely denied blood, such as through a blood clot chronic illnesses - ✔️long-term (more than three months), often permanent, and leaving a residual disability that may require long-term management or care rather than cure chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) - ✔️result of damaged lung tissue, often due to bronchitis or asthma comorbidity - ✔️simultaneously experiencing multiple health problems, whether acute, chronic or a combination coronary heart disease - ✔️optimum blood flow to the heart is restricted because the cardiac vessels narrow, which may result in intensive care, numerous tests, or extended hospitalization diabetes mellitus - ✔️a disease that impairs the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin, and is characterized by above-normal amounts of sugar in the blood and urine; cannot be cured but can be managed disability - ✔️an impairment in the ability to complete multiple daily tasks diverticulitis -
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✔️a condition in which pouches or sacs (diverticula) in the intestinal wall become inflamed and infected causing gastrointestinal distress edentulous - ✔️the absence of natural teeth epidermis - ✔️the outermost layer of skin where the process of cell replacement is slowed with age erectile dysfunction - ✔️inability for men to get and sustain an erection; also known as impotence estrogen - ✔️a female sex hormone that declines significantly with aging; can be replaced alone (estrogen replacement therapy) or in combination with progesterone, another female sex hormone frailty - ✔️severe limitations in ADLs, such as unintended weight loss, difficultly walking, and chronic exhaustion, which increase the risk of disability free radical theory - ✔️a special case of the cross-linkage theory of aging that posits that free radicals (highly reactive molecules) may produce DNA mutations functional ability - ✔️the capacity of a given organ to perform its normal function, compared with its function under conditions of illness, disability, and aging, which influences an individuals' ability to perform daily tasks glaucoma - ✔️a disease in which there is insufficient drainage or excessive production of aqueous humor, the fluid in the front portion of the eye, and if not treated can lead to blindness good health - ✔️more than the mere absence of infirmity, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being health care disparities - ✔️differences in access, quality, and use of health care services, which may result in health disparities health disparities - ✔️inequalities in health, well-being, and mortality across the life course, often due to poverty
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✔️the body system that signals one's position in space kykyphosis - ✔️stoop-shouldered or hunched condition caused by collapsed vertebrae as bone mass is lost male menopause - ✔️normal changes experienced by men due to declines in testosterone production master athletes - ✔️individuals who have continued to participate in competitive, aerobic exercise in to the later years melanin - ✔️darker skin pigmentation menopause - ✔️a gradual cessation of the menstrual cycle, which is related to the loss of ovarian function; considered to have occurred after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period neurons - ✔️nerve cells in the brain osteoarthritis - ✔️gradual degeneration of joints that are subject to physical stress osteopenia - ✔️a significant loss of calcium and reduced bone density not associated with increased risk of fractures osteoporosis - ✔️a dramatic loss in calcium and bone mass resulting in increased brittleness of the bones and increased risk of fracture, more frequently found in white, small-stature women presbycusis - ✔️age-related hearing loss prolongevity - ✔️extending the length of a healthy life but not disrupting fundamental aging processes quality of life - ✔️the individual's sense of competence, ability to perform activities of daily living, and satisfaction with social interactions in addition to functional health
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renal function - ✔️kidney function, defined by the rate at which blood is filtered through the kidneys arthritis - ✔️a chronic inflammation of the membranes lining joints and tendons, characterized by pain, swelling, bone dislocation, and limited range of motion; can occur at any age senescence - ✔️biological aging; that is, the gradual accumulation of irreversible functional losses to which the average person tries to accommodate in some socially acceptable way urinary incontinence - ✔️diminished ability to control the leakage of urine viropause - ✔️male menopause due to testosterone decreases vital capacity - ✔️maximum volume of oxygen intake through the lungs with a single breath wear and tear theory - ✔️one of the biological theories of aging; it states that aging occurs because of the system simply wearing out over time alcoholism - ✔️four or more drinks in any single day during a typical month; use of alcohol frequently and routinely Alzheimer's disease (AD) - ✔️the most common irreversible dementia resulting in severe cognitive decline; 6th most common cause of death; cannot be cured but symptoms managed with medications and behavioral interventions anxiety disorders - ✔️functional psychological disorder often triggered by external stress and accompanied by increased heart rate, fatigue, restlessness and sleep disorders attentional control - ✔️ability to determine how much attention should be directed at specific stimuli and when to shift our focus to other stimuli classic aging pattern - ✔️the decline observed with aging on some performance scales of intelligence tests versus consistency on verbal scales of the same tests cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) -
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✔️physiological changes that cause slower transmission of information through the nervous system with aging generativity - ✔️the seventh stage of psychosocial development in Erikson's model; caring for and mentoring younger generations, looking toward the future, and not stagnating in the past intelligence - ✔️the theoretical limit of an individual's performance interference theory - ✔️the view that memory fades or is lost because of distractions experienced during learning or interference from similar or new information to the item to be recalled irreversible dementias - ✔️have no discernible environmental cause and cannot yet be cured (e.g. Alzheimer's or vascular dementia) life review - ✔️a process of introspection, self-reflection, and reminiscence that may include reflecting on themes of loss and often involves reinterpretation of past experiences to achieve a new sense of meaning mediators - ✔️visual and verbal links between information to be memorized and information that is already in secondary memory memory - ✔️the process of recalling information that was once stored; a part of the brain that retains what has been learned throughout our lives paranoia - ✔️a psychiatric disorder characterized by irrational suspiciousness of other people Parkinson's disease - ✔️a neurodegenerative disorder that begins as a loss of muscle control and impaired balance and coordination, with tremors in hands and feet perceptual speed - ✔️time required to perceive and react to a stimulus; declines with age personality - ✔a unique pattern of our innate and learned behaviors, thoughts, and emotions polypharmacy -
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✔️use of multiple medications, or when more drugs are prescribed or taken than is clinically needed positive aging - ✔️elders who have maintained their psychological well-being and sense of meaning while coping with multiple challenges throughout life positivity effect - ✔️process whereby older adults attend to, learn from, and retain positive information better than neutral or negative stimuli, because it helps them regulate emotional experiences by focusing on positive information primary mental abilities (PMAs) - ✔️the basic set of intellectual skills, including mathematical reasoning, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation problem-solving therapy - ✔️a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that teaches patients effective techniques for coping with their concerns such as related to their depression recall - ✔️the process of searching through secondary memory in response to a specific external cue recognition - ✔️matching information in secondary memory with the stimulus information reminiscence therapy - ✔️a type of life review in which older adults reflect on both positive and negative life events and process losses resiliency - ✔️the ability to endure and even thrive under difficult situations, using internal and external resources to turn adversity into a catalyst for growth and emotional well- being robust aging - ✔️characterized by productive involvement, high physical functioning, and little cognitive impairment or depression schizophrenia - ✔️a psychiatric disorder characterized by thought disorders and hallucinations, psychotic behavior, and loss of emotional expression secondary (long-term) memory - ✔️permanent memory store; requires processing of new information to be stored and cues to retrieve stored information
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✔️difficulty retrieving names from secondary memory but often spontaneously recalled later traits - ✔️characteristics or typical attributes that remain relatively stable with age vigilance or sustained attention - ✔️keeping alert to focus on a specific stimulus over time visual mediators - ✔️use of visual images to assist recall working (primary) memory - ✔️holding newly acquired information in storage; a maximum of 7+-2 stimuli before processing into secondary memory or discarding it ageism - ✔️refers to negative stereotypes about old age and may result in discrimination baby boomers - ✔️the cohort or group of people born between 1946 and 1964, currently numbering 79 million people birth cohort - ✔️a group of people born within the same particular time span chronological aging - ✔️based on a person's years lived from birth cohort - ✔️groups of people who were born at approximately the same time and therefore share many common life and historical experiences cross-sectional - ✔️research that compares people of different chronological ages at the same measurement period geriatrics - ✔️a specialty within the health professions that is concerned with the prevention or management of diseases that occur as people age life course perspective - ✔️understanding older adulthood as part of a continuity of human development across the life span - from birth to old age - and taking into account historical, political, cultural, economic, and other societal circumstances that affect how we age longitudinal study -
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✔️research that includes the measurement of the same person or group of people over a specified period of time, typically years psychological aging - ✔️involves alterations that occur in cognitive abilities (e.g. memory, learning, and intelligence), adaptive capacity, and personality sequential designs - ✔️a research method used to study older adults and other groups over a period of time and may come in three types; cohort sequential, time sequential, and cross- sequential social aging - ✔️an individual's changing roles and relationships with family, friends, and other informal supports, both paid and unpaid productive roles, and within organizations such as religious and political groups social gerontology - ✔️the multidisciplinary study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging strengths perspective - ✔️a way of assessing an individual by focusing on qualities and characteristics that emphasize resilience and effective coping mechanisms
