Test organ function - liver, kidneys and blood work, Schemes and Mind Maps of Laboratory Practices and Management

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HEMATOLOGY,

BIOCHEMISTRY

AND

URIANLAYSIS

TESTS

Clinical Laboratory Procedures Module

María Pilar Sáez Perea

Test

Collection method /

tube and reason

Normal values K

and Fe

Increased values and

indicators

Decreased values and indicators

Total Protein It is a laboratory procedure that takes place normally when an animal presents edema, ascites, diarrhea, loss weight or renal/hepatic disease. Microhematocrit (capillary) tube and add plasma in the refractometer Canine: 5.0-7.8 mg/dl Feline: 6.0-8.2 mg/dl Dehydration. Lactation, infection and neoplasia (lymphoma, myeloma and plasma cell tumors). Chronic and autoimmune disease Hyperproteinemia Renal disease, hepatic and pancreatic insufficiency. hemorrhage, malnutrition Young animals (low IG) Hypoproteinemia Albumin Albumin represents 40

• 60 % of total protein. Evaluation of nutritional status (protein intake) and liver function because it is produced in the liver Serum / Red top tube or other tube without additive Canine: 2.3-3.5 mg/dl Feline: 2.4-3.8 mg/dl Dehydration Hyperalbuminemia Hypoproduction (malabsorption, liver failure. Protein-losing: Nephropathy, external hemorrhage, gastrointestinal disease. Hypergammaglobulinemia Hypoalbuminemia Bilirubin Bilirubin is processed in the liver and subsequently released from the liver into the intestines as a component of bile. It assays liver function. Serum / Serum separator red top tube. Canine: 0.1 - 0.61 mg/dl Feline: 0.1 - 0.5 mg/dl Haemolytic anemia hepatic jaundice cholestasis impaired liver function Hyperbilirubinemia Not applicable. Hepatobiliary Function Tests (^) Clinical Laboratory Procedures

Test Assessment

Collection method /

tube and reason

Normal values K9 and Fe Abnormal values and indicators

Vasopressin (ADH) test Kidney's ability to concentrate urine when the hormon ADH is administrated directly to the pet. For collecting: Free catch / Catheterization or Cystocentesis. Sterile container with lid. The animal should be capable to concentrate the urine when deprived of water. If the animal cannot concentrate the urine but when ADH is given, diabetes insipidus is suspected. This means, the brain fails to procedure proper levels of ADH. Without it, the kidneys loses big amount of water in the urine and the pet drinks a lot to replace that water loss. Specific Gravity Renal function - it determines how concentrate the urine is. For collecting: Free catch / Catheterization or Cystocentesis. Sterile container with lid. Refractometer Canine: 1.015 - 1. Feline: 1.020 - 1040 Dehydration or shock Acute renal failure Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Chronical renal failure Causes of polydipsia Increased values: Decreased values: Albustix (Protein) Presence of protein in urine - may indicate kidney disease For collecting: Free catch / Catheterization or Cystocentesis. Sterile container with lid. < 1.020 - Negative Pre-renal: Haemolityc anemia, azotemia, multiple myeloma and congestive heart failure. Bence Jones proteins. R enal: acute and chronic renal failure, pyelonephritis and amyloidosis. P ost-renal: cystitis, urolithiasis, prostatitis and vaginitis Renal Function Tests (^) Clinical Laboratory Procedures

Test Assessment

Collection method /

tube and reason

Normal values K

and Fe

Abnormal values and indicators

Creatinine Renal function - creatinine is result from muscle breakdown and for its elimination in the urine, has to be filtrated by Glomeruli. Plasma or Serum / Red top tube or other tube without additive Canine: up to 120 μmol/l ( Greyhounds up to 150 μmol/l) Feline: up to 180 μmol/l An increase value of this metabolite is an indicator of decreased renal function, which indicates that approximately 75% of the nephrons are nonfunctional Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Glomerular filtration function - Urea is synthetized in the liver and needs to be eliminated in the urine by glomerular filtration. Plasma or Serum / Red top tube or other tube without additive Canine: 20 - 40 mg/dl Feline: 20 - 86 mg/dl Fever, infection, necrosis. Metabolic conditions, high-protein diet. chronic heart failure or corticosteroid administration. Urethral obstruction Rupture bladder Liver failure Low protein diet or anabolic steroids Portosystemic shunt. Increased values is known as Azotemia. Pre-renal Renal - 75 % nephrons are nonfunctional Postrenal Decreased values: Renal Function Tests (Cont'd) (^) Clinicall Laboratory Procedures

Test

Collection

method / tube

and reason

Normal values K9 and

Fe

Increased values and

indicators

Decreased values and indicators

Platelet Count Amount of red blood cells in circulation Whole blood sample in EDTA tube. Canine: 194 - 419 x 10 3 /μl Feline: 198 - 405 x 10 3 cells /μl Inflammatory or infectious processes Acute hemorrhages (increased erythropoiesis) Spleen contraction Cushing Corticoids, adrenalin Neoplasia Thrombocytosis: Decreased production in bone marrow. Increased platelets destruction. Sequestration: spleen disease, anaphylaxis, endotoxemia, Addison CID, thrombosis, acute sever hemorrhage. Thrombocytopenia: Prothrombin time (PT) functional activity of the coagulation factors involved in the second phase of the hemostasis. Whole blood or plasma sample collected in Sodium citrate anticoagulant tubes. 10-14 seconds Clotting? Vitamin K deficiency (intoxication with rat poison. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (CID) Hepatic failure Hematologic Tests (^) Clinicall Laboratory Procedures

Clinicall Laboratory Procedures

COAGULATION

REFERENCES:

Manuales Suiza Vet Veterinary PDQ