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TAMU BIOL 319 Final Test COHN-Graded
A
The study of STRUCTURE of the body - ANS-Define: Anatomy The study of anatomy on a macroscopic scale - ANS-Define: Gross anatomy The study of tissues - ANS-Define: Histology
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous - ANS-What are the four types of tissues? Subcellular anatomy - ANS-What is another term for cell biology? The study of FUNCTION of the body - ANS-Define: Physiology
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen - ANS-What are the primary elements that make up the body?
- Lipids
- Protein
- Carbs
- Nucleic Acids - ANS-What are the four basic macromolecules that make up the body? Secretions are deposited into DUCTS and act on targeted areas - ANS-Define: Exocrine Signalers are secreted into the BLOOD and act all throughout the body - ANS-Define: Endocrine Hormones are secreted in the IMMEDIATE VISCINITY and act on nearby cells - ANS- Define: Paracrine 120/80 - ANS-What is the average human's blood pressure? Systolic pressure; pressure of blood moving through the arm during the heart's CONTRACTION phase - ANS-The numinator in a blood pressure measurement is called _________ and reflects __________.
Diastolic pressure; pressure of blood moving through the arm during the heart's RELAXATION phase - ANS-The denominator in a blood pressure measurement is called _________ and reflects __________.
- Waste
- Oxygen
- Hormones
- Nutrients - ANS-What four major things does the blood transport? Urea and CO2 - ANS-Nitrogenous waste is comprised of ________. Protein breakdown - ANS-Urea is generated by the process of _________. Glycolysis - ANS-CO2 is derived from _________. Endocrine - ANS-Hormones are released from _______ glands. They change the physiology of the cells to increase or decrease a particular function - ANS-How do hormones interact with their target cells? Articulation - ANS-What is another word for a joint? The skeleton provides the scaffolding while the muscle provides the locomotion - ANS- What is the relationship between muscle and the skeleton? Bone - ANS-The CNS is encased by ________. Calcium and phosphate - ANS-Bone is primarily comprised of what elements. 2+ - ANS-What is the charge on calcium in the body? 3- - ANS-What's the charge of phosphate in the body? True - ANS-T/F: Every muscle in the body is directly or indirectly attached to the skeletal system. Muscular system - ANS-What is the heaviest organ system in the body? Skeletal muscle - ANS-Another name for striated muscle is ___________.
- Provide movement
- Produce heat - ANS-What are the two main function of skeletal muscle? Lining organs - ANS-Where is smooth muscle found?
Lymph - ANS-______ is the name of the interstitial fluid that leaches out of the circulatory system and is reabsorbed into the lymphatic system. Skeletal muscle - ANS-What acts as the pump for the lymphatic system? lymphatic - ANS-The _______ system absorbs fats from the intestines and delivers it to the circulatory system Lymph circulates through lymph nodes and various organs where white blood cells are stationed. WBC screen the fluid for viruses, bacteria, cancer, and other contaminants - ANS-What is the relationship between the lymphatic system and the immune system? 3-4 hundred million - ANS-Each lung contains approximately ________ individual alveoli. Different concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the body and atmosphere - ANS-What drives gas exchange in the alveoli? Electrolyte - ANS-pH balance is directly correlated to _______ balance. Urinary - ANS-The renal system is a subsystem of the ________ system. Store and release urine - ANS-What is the primary function(s) of the bladder? Endocrine - ANS-The ovaries and testes are ________ type glands. Surface - ANS-Exocrine glands tend to move secretions to what area(s) of the body? Sagittal Plane - ANS-What is this plane? Frontal plane - ANS-What is this plane? Transverse plane - ANS-What is this plane? Median - ANS-The sagittal plane is also known as the _______ plane. Parasagittal - ANS-If not centered in the body, the sagittal plane is referred to as the ______ plane. Coronal - ANS-The frontal plane is also known as the _________ plane. Horizontal - ANS-The transverse plane is also known as the _______ plane. The cephalic region - ANS-This region is referred to as the _________. The upper half of the body - ANS-The superior region encompasses ____________.
The lower half of the body - ANS-The inferior region encompasses __________. Caudal - ANS-Another word that means inferior is __________. Cranial - ANS-Another word that means superior is ________. Space between the pelvis and the genital region - ANS-The inguinal region encompasses ______. The chin - ANS-The mental region encompasses ________. The armpit - ANS-The axillary region encompasses _______. The thumb - ANS-What is the colloquial term for the pollux?
- Esophagus
- Heart
- Trachea
- Thymus - ANS-The mediastium is comprised of what organs? The lungs - ANS-What fills the pleural cavity? Thymus - ANS-T cells mature in what organ?
- Bladder
- Uterus
- Testes
- Prostate - ANS-The pelvic cavity is filled with what organs The heart - ANS-The pericardium surrounds ______. The lungs - ANS-The plurae surround ______. The intestines - ANS-The peritoneum surrounds __________. Two - ANS-Serous membranes are comprised of ___ layers. Close to the organ - ANS-The visceral membrane is located _____. Reduce friction between layers - ANS-What is the purpose of serous fluid? 7.4 - ANS-What is the average blood pH? 98.6 F; 37 C - ANS-What is the average body temp (both Celsius and Fahrenheit)?
Follicle - ANS-What are the "pots" that hairs grow in? Epidermis; dermis - ANS-The _______ has no vasculature while the ________ is very highly vascularized. Epidermis - ANS-Which layer of the skin lacks nerves? Basement membrane - ANS-What is the name of the border between the epidermis and the dermis? Arterioles and venules - ANS-What specific types of vasculature are located in the dermis? The hypodermis - ANS-What layer below the integument allows the skin to roll over its underlying structures? False - ANS-T/F: The hypodermis is part of the integumentary system Skeletal muscle - ANS-What muscle is multinucleated? Smooth muscle - ANS-What type of muscle is fusiform in shape? Smooth muscle - ANS-What muscle is controlled by both electrical stimulation AND hormones? Cylindrical - ANS-Cardiac muscle cells' shape is described as __________. Aggregates of membrane protein that bind cardiac cells to one another - ANS-Define: Intercalated disks Allow for rhythmic contraction - ANS-What is the function of intercalated disks? Controls the pacemaker in the heart, causing the heartbeat to slow - ANS-How does the vagus nerve work on the heart? Allow electrical signals to propogate - ANS-What is the function of gap junctions? Muscle cell - ANS-What is another name for a muscle fiber? False: it reacts to chemical, mechanical, and electrical stimuli - ANS-T/F: Skeletal muscle only responds to electrical stimuli
- Contractile
- Extensible
- Elastic - ANS-What are three physical characteristics of skeletal muscle wrt to it's range of motion.
Cytoplasm of muscle cells - ANS-Define: Sarcoplasm Cell membrane of muscle cells - ANS-Define: Sarcolemma Plasmolemma - ANS-What is another name for the sarcolemma? Smooth ER of muscle cells - ANS-Define: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Muscle fibers - ANS-Fascicles are comprised of ________. True - ANS-T/F: Skeletal muscle cannot undergo mitosis Myoblasts fuse during the embryonic stage; this is also why skeletal muscle is multinucleated - ANS-Describe how skeletal muscles form Muscle fibers grow in length and size, but do not multiply - ANS-Describe how skeletal muscle gains mass. Muscle stem cells that remain peppered throughout mature skeletal muscle; activate if there is significant damage to muscle tissue - ANS-Define: Myoblast Packets of stored glycogen; found in muscle cells - ANS-Define: Glycosome Oxygen storing pigment in muscle cells - ANS-Define: Myoglobin Myoglobin only possesses one heme group while hemoglobin possesses 4 - ANS- What's the major difference between myglobin and hemoglobin Myoglobin - ANS-Between hemoglobin and myoglobin, which has a higher affinity for oxygen? Dense irregular connective tissue located between the hypodermis and muscle - ANS- Define: superficial fascia of muscle Between muscle groups - ANS-Where is deep fascia located in muscle tissue? The epimysium - ANS-A muscle group is covered with a layer called _______. Perimysium - ANS-Muscle fascicles are covered by a layer called the _________. Endomysium - ANS-Muscle fibers are covered with a layer called the ________. Muscle fibers (cells) make up fascicles which make up muscle groups - ANS-What is the organization of skeletal muscle tissue?
Inside = - Charge - ANS-What are the charges inside and outside the cell membrane of neurons? Na is kept outside the cell and K is kept inside the cell - ANS-Where do muscle cells keep Na and K in the resting position? Electrogenic - ANS-Sodium-potassium pumps are __________ type pumps. 1 molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed to yield 1 pump cycle where Na are sent out of cell and 2 K are brought in. - ANS-Describe how ATP is used in sodium-potassium pumps. Positive - ANS-Sodium-potassium pumps generate a ______ charge outside of the cell. Potassium - ANS-What element is allowed to leak the most in muscle cells? Allows for current - ANS-What is the purpose of potassium leak channels? False: Potassium leaks back into the cell because of the presence of Pr- compounds. - ANS-T/F: Potassium only leaks out of the cell as it moves down the concentration gradient 100 m/s - ANS-What is the speed at which nerve impulses travel? Calcium moves into the synapse - ANS-An action potential has what effect on calcium in a nerve cell? Triggers the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft - ANS-What effect does calcium have when it is released? Ligand gated Na channels. - ANS-ACh acts as a key for _____________. Na moves into the cell - ANS-What happens after ACh binds to ligand gated Na channels? More positive - ANS-After Na moves into the cell, the charge inside the cell becomes _______________. A pre-synaptic axon acting repeatedly so that its signals reach the trigger zone in close enough succession - ANS-Describe how summation is affected temporally. IPSP - ANS-Anions acts as ______ (IPSP/EPSP) neurotransmitters. EPSP - ANS-Cations acts as ______ (IPSP/EPSP) neurotransmitters. True - ANS-T/F: ACh is always involved at neuromuscular juncitons
- Inhibitory
- Causes Cl- to be released
- Derived from butamate - ANS-Describe the major characteristics of GABA Memory and learning - ANS-ACh is highly correlated to ___________ (psychological function). ACh - ANS-Alzheimer is correlated to an inability to generate/use _______.
- Derived from tyrosine
- Mood regulation - ANS-What is the function of norepinephrine and what is it derived from? Tryptophan - ANS-From what is seratonin derived? Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - ANS-________ is used to combat Alzheimers. Seratonin - ANS-Depression is correlated to a chronic lack of ___________ (neurotransmitter). Its is an SSRI: inhibits seratonin from being pumped back out of the synapse - ANS- What is Prozac and how does it work? Tyrosine becomes DOPA which becomes Dopamine which becomes norepinephrine which becomes epinephrine - ANS-Explain the steps by which tyrosine becomes epinephrine Dopamine - ANS-Crystal meth causes the body to overproduce ___________ (neurotransmitter). Schizophrenia - ANS-The overproduction of norepinephrine is correlated to ________ (psychological disorder). Endorphins and enkephalins - ANS-What neurotransmitter(s) are released in response to extreme stress? Endorphins and enkephalins - ANS-Heroin affects _________ (neurotransmitters) levels. Heroin - ANS-Morphine is basically ________ (illegal drug). Telencephalon - ANS-What is another name for the cerebellum?
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla - ANS-What are the parts of the brain stem?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANS-T tubules pass between the __________. Calcium - ANS-The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores __________. Voltage gated Ca channels - ANS-As an action potential moves down the t tubules, ___________ open. A pulse - ANS-Voltage gated Ca channels of t tubules release Ca in the form of _________. The sarcoplasm - ANS-Voltage gated Ca channels of t tubules release Ca into ________. Troponin changes conformation - ANS-When calcium binds to troponin, how is troponin changed? The heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites of F-actin - ANS-Explain the crossbridge formation phase The heads of the thick filaments change shape once bound to active sites, causing a cocking motion and pulling them down the thin filaments - ANS-Explain the power stroke phase ATP - ANS-Once the power stroke phase has been completed, ________ binds to the mysosin heads, releasing them from the active sites. Hydrolysis - ANS-ATP bound to myosin heads breaks down through the process of _____________. In the continued presence of Ca, the heads of thick filaments are allowed to bind to active sites again, further pulling them down the thin filament. This process repeats so long as Ca remains - ANS-Explain the process of head cycling True - ANS-T/F: Head cycling is asynchronous. Complete contraction of the thick filaments in such a way that no more contraction can occur - ANS-Define: Tetanus Calcium - ANS-What acts as the link between the electrical and mechanical phases of muscle contraction? Portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that hugs the t tubules - ANS-Define: Terminal cistern Terminal cisterns - ANS-Where specifically on the sarcoplasmic reticulum do voltage gated Ca channels reside?
Back into - ANS-Calcium pumps of the sarcoplasmic reticulum work by moving calcium ________ the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Out of; into - ANS-Voltage activated Ca channels move calcium __________ the SR and Ca pumps move calcium ________ the SR. ATP - ANS-Calcium pumps require ______ to function. False: Increased nerve impulses results in TWITCHES bleeding into one another, resulting in increased and prolonged muscle contraction - ANS-T/F: Increased nerve impulses cause the action potentials to bleed into one another, resulting in increased and prolonged muscle contraction. Smaller ones - ANS-Which motor units are activated first? Activation of progressively larger muscle units that increases the degree of muscle tension. - ANS-Define: Recruitment Tension of the muscle changes, but it's length remains the same - ANS-Define: Isometric contraction Tension of the muscle changes as does it's length - ANS-Define: Isotonic contraction
- 1 GLUCOSE
- 2 PYRUVATE
- 2 ATP - ANS-During the process of glycolosis, 1 _______ and 2 ________ yield ___________.
- Slow twitch oxidative
- Low [glycogen]
- Endurance and posture - ANS-Describe Type I muscle fibers
- Fast twitch glycolytic/oxidative
- High anaerobic
- Medium aerobic
- High [glycogen] - ANS-Describe Type IIA muscle fibers
- VERY high anaerobic capacity
- Low aerobic capactiy
- Low fatigue resistance
- Few mitochondria
- Rapid, intense movement - ANS-Describe Type IIB muscle fibers Oxidative intense fibers (Type I and IIA) - ANS-Myoglobin is heavily concentrated in ___________ muscle fibers
CNS - ANS-Almost all nerves (by volume) are located in the ___________. Clumps of nerves located in the PNS - ANS-Define: Ganglia Sensory info - ANS-Afferent nerves transmit _________ (type of info). Response info - ANS-Efferent nerves transmit ______ (type of info).
- Very long cell
- Sensory receptor located on one end
- Cell body housed in ganglia which is part of the spinal chord root - ANS-Describe the anatomy of a unipolar neuron Grey matter - ANS-Sensory information interacts with interneurons located in the _______ of the spinal chord. Nerve cell bodies and dendrites - ANS-Grey matter of the CNS is comprised of ___________. Nerve cell axons - ANS-White matter of the CNS is comprised of ___________. Afferent and efferent neurons - ANS-Interneurons are situated between ___________ and ___________. Dorsal root of unipolar nerve cells - ANS-Where does chicken pox lay dormant in the body? Both positive and negative - ANS-Efferent motor neurons are under _________ control. Concious - ANS-The somatic nervous system is characterized by _________ control. Unconious - ANS-The autonomic nervous system is characterized by _________ control. In the ventral root of the spinal chord - ANS-Somatic ganglia are located ____________. Somewhere between the spinal chord and the organ - ANS-Autonomic ganglia are located ____________. Sympathetic - ANS-The ________ nervous system is characterized by fight or flight responses. Parasympathetic - ANS-The ___________ nervous system is characterized by normal unconscious body functions.
True - ANS-T/F: The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems tend to be inversely active Axon hillock - ANS-The trigger zone is located in the _____________. Multipolar neurons - ANS-What type of neuron is the most common? Dendritic endings - ANS-Multipolar neurons have many _____________. Many - ANS-Multipolar cells can receive information from _______ (one/many) cells. Sensations at the surface of the body - ANS-Unipolar neurons are most involved in receiving information from what region(s) of the body? One axon and one dendrite with a swollen cell body between the two - ANS-What is the anatomy of bi-polar neurons? Retina and olfactory functions - ANS-Bipolar nerves are primarily found in ____________. Depolarization - ANS-If you give a cell a + shock, what occurs? Hyperpolarization - ANS-If you give a cell a - shock, what occurs? Threshold potential requires a minimum stimulus level while graded potentials respond to increasing larger stimuli with increasingly larger potentials. - ANS-What's the difference between graded and threshold potentials? False: Only graded potentials die out locally - ANS-T/F: Both graded and threshold potentials die out locally. Nodes of ranvier - ANS-Where along a myelinated axon are voltage gated channels positioned? Fat - ANS-___________ (skinny/fat) axons transmit action potentials faster.
- Fatter axons
- Myelination - ANS-What are the two ways you can speed up an action potential? Axo-dendritic and axo-somatic - ANS-What are the two types of neuron-neuron communication? True - ANS-T/F: Graded potentials CAN summate Inhibitory post- synaptic potential; Excitatory post- synaptic potential - ANS-What does IPSP and EPSP stand for respectively?
- Visual cortex - ANS-What areas of the brain are located posterior to the central sulcus? Cerebellum - ANS-__________ monitors stretch receptors in muscles. The premotor area - ANS-Which motor related section of the brain is in direct contact with the cerebellum The post central gyrus - ANS-What is another name for the primary somatic sensory region of the brain? The post central gyrus - ANS-What area of the brain is responsible for reception and low level interpretation of surface sensations of the body? The somatic sensory association area - ANS-What area of the brain is responsible for interpreting surface sensations of the body by matching it with past experiences? Brocca's and Wernike's areas - ANS-Which major regions are lateralized in the brain? Controls muscles of the throat and mouth that deal with speech production. - ANS-What is the role of Brocca's area? Acts as the brain's "working dictionary" by allowing the individual to think words and understand speech - ANS-What is the role of Wernike's area? Visual cortex - ANS-What area of the brain acts as the "screen" for the rest of the brain? Interpret and understand information from the visual cortex. - ANS-What is the role of the visual association area?
- Interpret taste
- Produces "here and now" feelings - ANS-What are the roles of the insula? Olfactory blub - ANS-Where are the impulses generated by bipolar olfactory nerves first processed? Olfaction ONLY - ANS-What sense(s) bypass the thalmus? Provide friction - ANS-What is the primary purpose of papillae on the tongue? Foliate papillae - ANS-___________ are tongue papillae that contain tastebuds False: They are quasi nerve cells - ANS-T/F: Taste receptor are nerves Vitreous humor - ANS-Most of the eye's volume is comprised of ____________.
This, clear membrane that covers the ventral portion of the eye - ANS-Define: Conjunctiva
- Ultra clear
- Lots of pain receptors
- No blood; nutrients from tears
- focuses light on retina - ANS-Describe the anatomy of the cornea Iris - ANS-The ______ controls the diameter of the pupil Suspensory ligaments - ANS-_______ place tension on the lens, causing it to change shape. Tunics - ANS-The _______ are the layers located behind the retina that are highly vascularized.
- Tough, white, fibrous external layer of eye
- Surrounds entire exterior except the iris - ANS-Describe the anatomy of the sclera 380-750 nm - ANS-What is the range of frequencies of light the eye can detect? Light sensitive but can't detect color - ANS-What are the visual abilities and disabilities of rods? Detect color but bad in low light conditions - ANS-What are the visual abilities and disabilities of cones? When rods are overstimulated by light, they "go to sleep" and the cones take over - ANS-What is the process by which cones become active and rods go dormant? Blue, red, and green - ANS-What are the 3 types of cones? Malleus, stapes, and incus - ANS-What are the three ossicles? Bones of the inner ear - ANS-Define: Ossicles Organ of cortii - ANS-_________ is the name if the soft sack filled with hair cells within the coclea Louder - ANS-The more vigorously the hair cell dance, the __________ the sound (as interpreted by the brain) Stiffer - ANS-As you move closer to the base of the organ of cortii, the _________ it becomes.
