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TAMU BIOL 319 COHN FINAL Exam new
Material-Graded A
synovial joint - ANS-freely movable joint; contains synovial fluid and joint capsule; always diarthrotic; most located in appendicular skeleton nonaxial synovial joint - ANS-adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis uniaxial synovial joint - ANS-Occuring around one axis, movement only in one plane. Examples: pivot and hinge joints. biaxial synovial joint - ANS-Occuring around 2 axes at right angles to each other; circumduction; Examples: saddle and condyloid joints Multiaxial Synovial Joint - ANS-Occuring around several axes; Examples: ball and socket joints. joint cavity - ANS-"watertight potential space"; contains synovial fluid joint capsule - ANS-outer layer of joint cavity that helps hold bones together while still allowing for movement fibrous capsule - ANS-outer layer of joint capsule; hermetically sealed; dense irregular connective tissue; attaches to periosteum of both bones synovial membrane - ANS-membrane lining the capsule of a joint synovial fluid - ANS-viscous lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane that covers surfaces of a joint and reduces friction plane (gliding joint) - ANS--nonaxial
- 2 flat bone surfaces where a slight gliding motion can occur
- considered non axial
- example: articular process between vertebrae, bones of hand/feet (invertebral; intercarpal; intermetacarpal) hinge joint - ANS-Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane (uniaxial)
pivot joint - ANS-rotating bone turns around an axis; cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus saddle joint - ANS-type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation; consists of 2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that their complementary surfaces articulate; biaxial ellipsoid joint (condyloid) - ANS-Biaxial Modified ball and socket joint (articular surfaces are ellipsoid shape instead of spherical) Biaxial due to shape of joint which limits its range of movement almost to a hinge motion in two axes and restricts rotation Ellipsoid shaped articular surfaces Ex: Atlantooccipital joint of the neck Ex. metacarpophalangeal joint of the fingers (1st knuckle); wrist Ball and socket - ANS-1. consists of ball (head) at the end of one bone anda socket in adjacent bone
- ball fits into socket
- multiaxial- wide range of movement in almost every direction -hip and shoulder joints is there a link between joints and the nervous system? - ANS-yes, joint kinetic receptors what are joint kinetic receptors? - ANS-propioceptive, detects movement in the joint, found in the joint capsule. when muscles are controlled by nerve, theres feedback from the actual stretch receptors in muscles back to the brain. They are also embedded in all nerve capsule/fibrous capsule. anytime you move joints you get feedback. do all tissues in a joint enjoy direct blood supply? - ANS-No, hyaline cartilage has no direct blood supply how does hyaline cartilage exchange nutrients and blood gases? - ANS-by the synovial wall/membrane which makes synovial fluid; hyaline cartilage is bathed in it for frictionless surface during sliding of bones whats another word for hyaline cartilage? - ANS-articular cartilage what is arthroscopic surgery and how has it improved surgical outcomes and length of hospital stays from the past? - ANS-a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint -initially incisions were very invasive and were more prone to infections; also had more post-surgical problems. now this type of surgery doesnt even involve an overnight stay
Swollen (bulging) disk - ANS-bulging disks can happen from intense pressure and it would not need to be surgically fixed, but you may need to see a pain treatment doctor who can insert a needle into bulging area and inject cortisol derivative that can reduce the inflammation and therefore reduce the pain hernia - ANS-bulging of an organ or tissue through abnormal opening herniated disc - ANS-the outer ring (annalus fibrosus) ruptures and the soft stuff pooches out (from nucleus pulposus) and presses on a spinal nerve Annalus fibrosus - ANS-tough ring of fibrocartilage that surrounds soft center nucleus pulposus - ANS-inner core of vertebral disc that is composed of a jelly like material that consists of mainly water as well as a loose network of collagen fibers. Allows vertebral disc to withstand forces of compression muscle is divided into muscle fibers called ______ - ANS-fasicles muscle fibers, in turn, are divided into contractile units called ______ containing the contractile proteins actin and myosin. - ANS-myofibrils each myofibril consist of a length of - ANS-sarcomeres perimysium - ANS-Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle endomysium - ANS-Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber what are the functions of muscle? - ANS--movement, posture, thermogenesis myoblasts fuse together to form - ANS-syncytium (union of cytoplasm cells) each muscle cell is called a ____ because of its elongated shape - ANS-muscle fiber what are the components of a muscle cell? - ANS--sarcolemma -sarcoplasm -sarcoplasmic reticulum -transverse (T) tubules -terminal cisternae -triads what is the sarcolemma? - ANS-plasma membrane of a muscle cell what is the sarcoplasm? - ANS-cytoplasm of a muscle cell what is the specialization of the sarcoplasm? - ANS--glycosomes store glycogen -myolobin
-lots of mitochondria -myofilaments what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? - ANS-specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell forming interconnecting tubules surrounding myofibrils, stores calcium, is released upon depolarization for muscle contraction what is the transverse (T) tubule? - ANS-tubules running btwn sarcoplasmic reticulum and penetrating deeply into cell; aids in conducting "stimulus" into cell Why is the PCL less vulnerable than the ACL? - ANS--ACL less sturdy and in front of PCL -PCL is much thicker and tougher bursa - ANS-synovial membrane filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another -"ball bearing" smooth ball that can roll to dissipate friction -common in diarthrotic joints what type of joint is the shoulder joint? - ANS-glenohumeral joint what happens when you dislocate your shoulder? - ANS--head of humerus pops out of glenoid cavity -shoulder can be dislocated by anything pulling it down. how come you can only dislocate your shoulder from pulling it down? - ANS-the shoulder is protected from posterior dislocation bc of the ligaments between the acromion and coracoid process that makes a roof over humerus, but not from down and lateral pull bc nothing is there to shield it what is the specific bursa in the context of shoulder joint? - ANS-subacromial bursa -most inferior, inferior portion of the acromion of the scapula and above the tendon of the biceps brachii other than the shoulder joint, name 3 joints in which bursa is found - ANS-elbow, knee, hips, and toes what is bursitis? - ANS-inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction; fluid build up example: house maids knee, bursa in knee gets inflammed from sitting on your knees "cleaning" tendons connect - ANS-bones to muscle ligaments connect - ANS-bone to bone
what is an autograft? - ANS-a graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individual's body. what is an allograft? - ANS-a tissue graft from a donor what are 3 factors most important in imparting stability to a diarthrotic joint? - ANS-- snugness of fit -capsules and ligaments -muscles that span joint how does the hip compare to the shoulder in terms of stability? - ANS-hip is more stable bc its a major weight-bearing joint. the super snug fit allows for stability, along with quadriceps and hamstring muscles how does the hip compare to the shoulder in terms of mobility? - ANS--hip is slightly less mobile than the shoulder -shoulder is more of a shallow cavity that allows for large range of motion in general, what is the relationship between joint stability and joint flexibility - ANS--the greater the stability, the lower the mobility -the greater the mobility, the lower the stability are synovial joints most commonly found in the axial skeleton or appendicular? - ANS- appendicular bc synovial joints are moveable what are 3 synovial joints of the axial skeleton? - ANS--temporomandibular -atlas and occipital bone -atlas and axis (btwn C1 and C2) where are synathrotic/amphiarthrotic joints mainly found (axial or appendicular)? Name one exception - ANS--axial -exception is proximal radioulnar joint and distal tibiofibular joint What is rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS-a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. What is osteoarthritis? - ANS--Non-inflammatory -hyaline Cartilage destruction -Progressive -Usually occurs due to old age What is Gout (Gouty Arthritis)? - ANS-Metabolic disease marked by uric acid deposits in joints - Causes intense pain - Throbbing, crushing, excruciating - Mostly affects joints of lower limb especially big toe - Can become chronic. More common in men
what is an autoimmune disease in general and how has knowledge of basic physiology lead to a drug that can help treat such diseases? - ANS--when your immune system mistakes your healthy cells for foreign ones, and attacks your body -knowledge of physiology helped lead to anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids What joint disease falls into the autoimmune category? - ANS-rheumatoid arthritis what are "flare ups"? - ANS-flare ups are episodes of increased disease activity does the drug prednisone come with any downsides? if so, are there any alternatives? - ANS--negative side effects include weakened immune system, restlessness, and changes in vision, moon face, acne, weight gain, mental instability -alternative is methotrexate; a cancer drug used in low doses for anti-inflammatory reasons (kills fast growing cells Can cytokine action be a target for such drugs? - ANS-(MAYBE?) cytokines are cell communication receptors that play a role in cancer so I feel like they would be targeted by methotrexate, Role of cytokines - the initial responders will send bigger immune cells to the site. The Dendritic cell is early responder what did Dr. Cohn say about hip replacements in terms of what scientific development(s) paved the way for their possibility - ANS--Saw off head of femur, put in artificial head and neck of femur using joint cement glue with a plastic liner that acts as a hyaline cartilage -strong metals and plastics made in world war 2 helped pave the way -stainless steal was ok, but we use titanium now bc its super strong, almost never causes a bad immune response, and is practically non-corrosive. when was the first hip replacement done and how is a double hip replacement different from a single hip replacement? - ANS-Sir John Charnley of England pioneered the first joint replacement surgery in 1963 -double hip replacements are when both hips are done at the same time, single hip replacements done separately -hip replacement does not retain full flexibility but allows for relatively high range of motion -also done on knees, elbows and fingers what is ankylosis? - ANS--Fixation or fusion of a joint, often in an abnormal position due to damage caused by disease what is the technical term for bone spur? - ANS-osteophyte
tendons: can only stretch to about 5% of their resting length before tearing "myo" and "sarco" are always associated with - ANS-muscle myofilament - ANS-are found in the muscle cells; long, thin protein filaments. core of muscle contractions myoglobin - ANS-oxygen storing pigment what are myoblasts and what are their significance? - ANS--muscle building cells, mnemonic: myoblast build muscles -satellite cells in the adult since birth, how have the vast majority of skeletal muscle fibers grown (hypertrophy or hyperplasia)? - ANS-hypertrophy are many skeletal muscle cells "long enough to be seen" with the naked eye? - ANS- Yes, (longer than 1 cm); some are as long as the muscle itself are any skeletal muscle cells "thick enough to be seen" with the naked eye? - ANS-No, the muscle diameter can range from 10-100 micrometers and we start seeing at 500 micrometers; width is almost visbile epimysium - ANS-wraps around the entire skeletal muscle are fasicles sometimes referred to as fibers? if so, in what context? - ANS-yes, in lab (gross anatomy) can fasicles be detected with the naked eye? - ANS-yes, they are the piece of meat you can see you get stuck in your teeth strictly speaking and at the microscopic scale, what is a synonymous term for muscle fibers? - ANS-muscle cell what is the relative size of muscle fibers and how are they formed from myoblasts? - ANS-1/10th mm = 100 micrometers myoblasts fuse together and each donate a nuclei to form a muscle fiber how does the development of skeletal muscle lead to formation of up to dozens of nuclei per cell? - ANS-each myoblast has a single nucleus and since they fuse together to make a muscle cell and donate their nuclei you get skeletal muscle with multiple nucei per cell
what does the phrase "skeletal muscle grows by hypertrophy" mean? - ANS-skeletal muscles grow in size of the skeletal muscle cells, not in the amount of skeletal muscle cells Do mature muscles grow by hyperplasia or by hypertrophy? - ANS-hypertrophy
