Biology
Biological Organization
- hierarchy of complex biological structures and
systems that define life using reductionistic
approach
- cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism
– population – community – ecosystem – biome -
biosphere
Structure-function Correlation
- they are correlated at all levels of biological
organization
- e.g., Mitochondria – “power house” (double
membrane: more space, more product
Evolution
- how organisms adapt to their environment
Cell
- basic unit of life
- requirements of a cell are: genetic material,
cytosol, ribosomes and plasma membrane
Sun
- gives energy
Homeostasis
- any self-regulating process by which an
organism tends to maintain stability while
adjusting to conditions that are best for its
survival
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- PRO “no” ; EU “do”
Ribosomes
- protein factories
- enzyme: type of protein “-ase”
2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- both are present in animal and plant cells
1. Rough ER
- with ribosomes
- produce proteins in the cells and
ribosomes are attached to their surface
- bettER
2. Smooth ER
- without ribosomes
- produce lipids and also detoxify toxins
in the body, liver, and kidney cells
Endomembrane System
- “endo” - within
1. Function
- group of membranes and organelles in
eukaryotic cells that works together to
modify, package, and transport lipids and
proteins.
2. Structure
- includes the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER), Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
Vesicles also allow the exchange of
membrane components with a cell's
plasma membrane.
3. Pathway of proteins from its production
to secretion
- Endoplasmic reticulum – golgi apparatus
– vesicles that fuse with plasma
membrane
Photosynthesis
- light independent reaction: take place within
the stroma
- formula: 6𝐶𝑂2+ 6𝐻2𝑂 → 6𝑂2+ 𝐶2𝐻12𝑂6
light (required, but not a
reactant)
Photosynthesis Pigments
- chlorophyll absorbs red and blue and reflects
green
TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
IMPORTANT
TERMS
✓
or
Calvin
cycle
/
during
night
time
