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lab report on soap making. Introduction, procedures, results and conclusion.
Typology: Exercises
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[Chemistry 2] Experiment No. 2
X- Gluon Philippine Science High School – Central Visayas Campus Talaytay, Argao, Cebu
Date Performed: January 22, 2016 Date Submitted: February 10, 2016
Soap is one of the commercial products essential to our health as it promotes cleanliness and preserves our skin from the scorching heat of the sun and from external pollution such as dust, germs, and bacteria. Learning how to make soap and the chemistry behind it is as important as its benefit. In order to make basic soap, an experiment was performed, dealing with the process of saponification, a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. In the experiment, the fats used were common oils, such as olive oil, vegetable oil, and unsalted butter, whereas the lye used was sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The fats, which are the acids and the lye, which is the base underwent saponification to form a glycerin and a salt, which is the soap, the final product of the experiment.
Straight-chain monocarboxylic acids, called fatty acids, are seldom found as free molecules in nature but are most often a part of a larger molecule called a triglyceride. Soap is produced by the process of saponification, or the hydrolysis of a triglyceride, the fats and oil, to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts from the reaction of the triglyceride with a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. The bond between the fatty acid and the glycerol backbone is referred to as an ester linkage. In the saponification process, as shown in Figure 1, the ester linkage is broken to form glycerol and soap. [1]
Figure 1. Saponification of a triglyceride
In the experiment, the oils used were olive oil, vegetable oil and butter while the base used was sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was preferred over potassium hydroxide (KOH) because the aim was to make a bar soap rather than a liquid soap. Also, the hot process method was preferred over the cold process due to insufficient amount of time, as cold process soap take a longer time to harden or cure than hot
process soap. The hot process uses heat to speed the reaction resulting in fully saponified soap by the time the soap is poured into molds. The group’s experiment consisted of two trials, the first one being a failure. Following the hot process procedure, 50 g of olive oil and 50 g of unsalted butter were heated and mixed thoroughly. The amount of lye was calculated by totaling the amount of fats in grams and multiplying it by 13 %, yielding an amount of 13 g. The ratio for the amount of lye to water used was 1:1, 13 g of tap water was also used. Two grams of vanilla was used. Table 1 depicts the ingredients used and its corresponding amounts. [2]
Table 1. Amounts for ingredients used Pounds Ounces Grams Water 0.028 0.44 12. Lye (NaOH) 0.028 0.44 12. Oils 0.220 3.53 100. Fragrance 0.004 0.07 2.
The lye was carefully poured to the water and was mixed using a stirring rod. At the same time, the oil mixture was heated in a hot pot to 33-43°C and was constantly stirred. When the mixture was viscous enough, the solution of NaOH and water
[1] Chemistry 122: Synthesis of Soap. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2015, from https:// hoeggerfarmyard.com/the-farmyard/soap- making-2/saponification-explained/
[2] Retrieved September 19, 2015, from http:// soapcalc.net
[3] Fisher, D. (n.d.). Olive Oil (Castile) Soap Recipes. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://candleandsoap.about.com/od/soaprecipes/ a/castrecipe.htm
Table 1. Amounts for ingredients used
Pounds Ounces Grams
Water 0.028 0.44 12.
Lye (NaOH) 0.028 0.44 12.
Oils 0.220 3.53 100.
Fragrance 0.004 0.07 2.
Figure 2. Set-up for basic soap making
