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Sikolohiyang Pilipino: A Comprehensive Exploration of Filipino Psychology, Summaries of Social Psychology

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)Social Psychology

This document delves into the origins and development of sikolohiyang pilipino (filipino psychology), a field that seeks to understand the filipino psyche and experience from a distinctly filipino perspective. It explores the work of virgilio g. Enriquez, the pioneer of sikolohiyang pilipino, and examines key concepts, theories, and methodologies. The document also discusses the debate surrounding the universality of sikolohiyang pilipino and its contributions to the broader field of psychology.

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Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology): A Legacy of Virgilio G.
Enriquez
Rogelia Pe-Pua
Elizabeth Protacio-Marcelino
The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
• Because of the Philippines being colonized by Spain and USA, Academic Psychology, or the
Psychology taught in schools, became predominantly western in theory and methodology.
• The native Filipinos struggled identifying oneself because of the westerns pushing and putting
forward western behavior as means of models for the Filipinos.
• It was in the early 1970s when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez initiated the rejection of the traditional
way of teaching and studying psychology and corrected it.
• Enriquez made a research alongside Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay (the then-chairman of the
Department of Psychology in U.P.) on the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology.
• The research also included identifying indigenous concepts and approaches in Philippine
Psychology
• In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang Pambansang kumprensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First
National Conference on Filipino Psychology) and formally articulated the ideas, concepts, and
formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored in Filipino thoughts and experience as understood from a
Filipino Perspective (Enriquez, 1975)
• The study of diwa (psyche), which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by
the philosophical concept of 'essence and an entire range of psychological concepts from
awareness to motives to behavior (Enriquez, 1985).
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino is not anti-universal. In fact, its ultimate aim is to contribute to universal
psychology
• Enriquez used the approach 'Indigenization from within', which means looking for the
• Indigenous psychology from within the culture itself and not just clothing a foreign body with a
local dress
• The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness,
social involvement, and psychology of language and culture.
Virgilio Enriquez: Pioneer of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• Enriquez was born in the province of Bulacan. He was trained to speak the native tongue
fluently by his father since he was a kid.
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Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology): A Legacy of Virgilio G.

Enriquez

Rogelia Pe-Pua

Elizabeth Protacio-Marcelino

The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)

  • Because of the Philippines being colonized by Spain and USA, Academic Psychology, or the Psychology taught in schools, became predominantly western in theory and methodology.
  • The native Filipinos struggled identifying oneself because of the westerns pushing and putting forward western behavior as means of models for the Filipinos.
  • It was in the early 1970s when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez initiated the rejection of the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology and corrected it.
  • Enriquez made a research alongside Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay (the then-chairman of the Department of Psychology in U.P.) on the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology.
  • The research also included identifying indigenous concepts and approaches in Philippine Psychology
  • In 1975, Enriquez chaired the Unang Pambansang kumprensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First National Conference on Filipino Psychology) and formally articulated the ideas, concepts, and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino
  • Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored in Filipino thoughts and experience as understood from a Filipino Perspective (Enriquez, 1975)
  • The study of diwa (psyche), which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of 'essence and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior (Enriquez, 1985).
  • Sikolohiyang Pilipino is not anti-universal. In fact, its ultimate aim is to contribute to universal psychology
  • Enriquez used the approach 'Indigenization from within', which means looking for the
  • Indigenous psychology from within the culture itself and not just clothing a foreign body with a local dress
  • The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture. Virgilio Enriquez: Pioneer of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
  • Enriquez was born in the province of Bulacan. He was trained to speak the native tongue fluently by his father since he was a kid.
  • Enriquez was formally initiated in Psychology in 1963 when he started teaching at the University of the Philippines (UP)
  • As early as 1965, he was using the Filipino language in teaching.
  • Enriquez left for United States in 1966 to pursue a Masters, then later a Doctoral Degree in Northwestern University at Evanston, Illinois. Enriquez returned to the Philippines in 1971
  • Enriquez established the Philippine Psychology Research House (PPRH) which later became the Philippine Psychology Research and Training House (PERTH). This place became the home of the materials on Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
  • Enriquez authored several publications in indigenous psychology, Filipino personality, psychology of language and politics, philosophy and values, cross-cultural psychology, and Pilipinolohiya (Philippine Studies)
  • One of his most significant award, the Outstanding Young Scientist of the Philippines from the National Academy of Science and Technology in 1982 was in recognition of his work in Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

BASIC ELEMENTS AND FEATURES OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

  • Defining Sikolohiyang Pilipino
    • Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
    • Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (Psychology in the Philippines-The general form of Psychology in the Philippine Context)
    • Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (Psychology of the Filipinos-Theorizing about the Psychological nature of the Filipinos, whether from a local or foreign perspective).
    • Enriquez looked beyond the textbook definition of Psychology and came up with Psychology as a study of emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan), awareness of one's surroundings (ulirat), information and understanding (isip), habits and behavior another meaning of diwa), and the soul (kaluluwa), which is the way to learning about people's conscience (Enriquez, 1976)
  • Four Filiatons of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Zeus Salazar, a historian, examined Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up with a description of the four filiations of Philippine Psychology a. The Academic-scientific Psychology: The Western Tradition. b. Academic-philosophical Psychology: The Western (mainly clerical) Psychology.

II. Confrontative Surface Values

  • Bahala na determination)
  • Sama/lakas ng loob (resentment/guts)
  • Pakikibaka (resistance) III. Core Value Kapwa (shared identity)
  1. Ibang-tao (outsider)
  2. Hindi Ibang-tao (one-of-us) IV. Pivotal Interpersonal Value Pakikiramdam (shared inner perception) V. Linking socio-personal Value Kagandahang-loob (Shared humanity)
  • Indirect Communication
  • Pakikiramdam (shared inner perception) - "feeling for another
  • Internality-Externality
  • The internality externality component in the Filipino personality. Examples are, "Honor", puri and dangal. "Happiness", saya and ligaya. "Control", pigil and timpi. "Feel", dama and damdam.
  • The great cultural divide
  • The cultural aspect. The one side of the cultural divide are the Filipinos who have maintained a more mass-oriented world view, culture and way of life, while the other side are those Filipinos who adhered to a more elitist viewpoint Development of indigenous personality measures
  • Enriquez together with PPRH, developed the Panukat ng ugali at pagkatao (PUP) (Measure of Character and Personality) in 1975 which utilized dimensions of personality that are relevant to Filipinos.
  • It is in the 1980s that showed an increased interest in personality testing.
  • In the 1990s, tests were developed to measure a wide variety of Filipino characteristics.
  • In the history of Philippine psychological measurement, Enriquez's Panukat ng ugali at pagkatao (PUP) stands out as one of the first, if not first, instruments that are culturally sensitive in its assessment of the Filipino personality.

Development of Indigenous research methods

  • Carmen Santiago, a student of Enriquez, made a research on his subject and introduced the pakapa-kapa (groping) approach.
  • "A suppositionless approach to social scientific investigations. As implied by the term itself, pakapa kapa is an approach characterized by groping, searching and probing into unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning and directions for research" (Torres, 1982)
  • Five basic guiding principles relevant to the use of indigenous perspective in general, and indigenous research methods in particular: 1. The level of interaction or relationship that exists between the researcher and the researched. 2. Research participants should always be treated by researchers as equal, if not superior. 3. The welfare of the research participants take precedence over the data obtained from them. 4. The method to be used in a research should be chosen on the basis of appropriateness to the population (and not sophisticated of the method) and it should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms. 5. The language of the people should be the language of research at all times. Impact of the teaching of Psychology in the Philippines
  • In 1970, with Lagmay starting it, Psychology in the Philippines has been taught in Filipino.
  • In 1971 after arriving from the United States, Enriquez embarked on a full-scale effort translating psychological materials into Filipino.
  • A more relaxed atmosphere, a higher level of confidence on students expressing themselves, Discovery of Indigenous concepts, Creative Discussions, and a realization that psychology must relate intimately and significantly to the life of the people, has been among the many benefits of teaching Psychology in Filipino.
  • In 1978, Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a subject was offered at the undergraduate level for the first time. UP was the first university to offer it.
  • Lagmay was the first to teach Philippine Psychology as a "special topics" course at the graduate level before it was formally instituted as a separate graduate course in 1978. Areas of Application of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
  • Much of the early work was focused on the use of the local language in teaching, research and in the conduct of various conferences and symposia in Psychology.

or emphasizing only one approach) when put together eventually leads to the formation of universal knowledge in psychology.

  • Robert Tongco, a Professor of Philosophy at U.P. questioned Sikolohiyang Pilipino position on the issue of universality and asserts that Sikolohiyang Pilipino has not shown sufficient proof of its contribution to universal knowledge or even proof that such knowledge exists in any given culture
  • Tangco also questioned Sikolohiyang Pilipino methodology and practice and traces the problem to Sikolohiyang Pilipino underlying Philosophy (1998).
  • Sylvia Estrada-Claudio (1997) was also critical to the methodology used in Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
  • She thinks that a phenomenological approach, although perhaps useful in the past, can no longer move Sikolohiyang Pilipino forward. She proposes to de construct the hegemonic discourse by using discourse analysis in the context of a postmodern (post-colonial) perspective. Sikolohiyang Pilipino in the realm of universal and world Psychology
  • What is generally considered as "universal psychology is based on the psychology of industrialized and developed countries of the west.
  • Sikolohiyang Pilipino objects to the brand of Psychology that seeks to apply western theories and methods to non-western societies and cultures.
  • Sikolohiyang Pilipino accepts the scientific character of psychology but questions its universality.
  • Sikolohiyang Pilipino believes in the use of psychology in helping to develop a national culture which is into Western-dominated but considers the aspirations of the Filipino.
  • Through the discovery and use of indigenous concepts and methods, Sikolohiyang Pilipino is contributing to a truly universal psychology which is based on a new set of principles: diversity and equality.