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SCI 220 - INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY EXAM
REVIEW
Anatomy✔✔the study of structure and internal make up of something
Physiology✔✔the study of how a part functions
Biology✔✔the study of living things and their environments
Environment✔✔everything living or nonliving that surrounds the organism
Chemistry✔✔the study of matter, its properties, and how it functions
Organic Chemistry✔✔the study of compounds which involve molecules containing carbon
Biochemistry✔✔the study of chemical processes and substances that happen within a living organism
Physics✔✔the study of interactions between matter and energy (how the universe behaves)
Matter✔✔anything that occupies space and mass
Matter✔✔everything is made up of this
Mass✔✔how much matter an object contains
Weight✔✔the force that results from the action of gravity on mass
Atom✔✔building blocks of all matter
Atom✔✔the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an expert
Element✔✔a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler, and different components
Element✔✔this can exist as solids, liquids, or gases
Molecules✔✔particles containing more than one atom
Compounds✔✔molecules that can contain more than one element
Periodic Table✔✔lists in an organized fashion all of the current known elements
Solid✔✔not hollow or containing space or gaps
Liquid✔✔a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a consistency like that of water or oil
Gas✔✔an air-like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available, irrespective of its quantity
Isotope✔✔atoms of the same element that have different numbers if neutrons, and therefore different atomic masses
Dehydration Reaction✔✔this reaction loses a water molecule that bonds subunits together
Hydrolysis Reaction✔✔when organisms break macromolecules back into their smaller subunits, they use this process (bc they release energy)
Hydrolysis Reaction✔✔this reaction happens when a water molecule is inserted across a bond
Carbohydrates✔✔these are simple and complex sugars found in grans, fruits, and vegetables
Carbohydrates✔✔these are made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
CH2O✔✔this is the molecular formula of carbon
Carbohydrates✔✔these have three classifications (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides)
Monosaccharide✔✔this is a simple sugar
Glucose✔✔this is the most common monosaccharide
Glucose✔✔this monosaccharide serves as a source of immediate energy
Disaccharide✔✔this forms when two monosaccharides combine together through a dehydration reaction
Disaccharide✔✔this includes lactose, maltose, and sucrose
Sucrose✔✔this is the most common disaccharide
Polysaccharide✔✔this is a long chain of monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharide✔✔this is known as a complex carbohydrate
Starch✔✔plants make their own glucose and store it as _______ in different part of the plant
Lipid✔✔this biological molecule that do not mix with water (are hydrophobic)
Lipid✔✔these biological molecules are non-polar
Lipids✔✔these surround cell membranes, are stored in cells for long time use, provide insulation from the environment, and are building blocks of many hormones
Saturated Fat✔✔has all single bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
Saturated Fat✔✔this fat is solid at room temperature and contributes to plaque formation in arteries
Unsaturated Fat✔✔this has at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
Phospholipid✔✔this has two fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol molecule and a phosphate group is attached to the third carbon
Phospholipid✔✔this contains a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
Steroids✔✔these are grouped with fats for being hydrophobic
Cholesterol✔✔this is the most common steroid that makes up steroid hormones
Estrogen and Testosterone✔✔these are steroid hormones made up of cholesterol
Protein✔✔this is the most abundant organic molecule
Protein✔✔this biological molecule has the most diverse range of functions
Support✔✔these proteins are structural proteins and create structural support (ex. keratin and collagen)
Motion✔✔these proteins are contractile proteins which allow for cell movement causing muscles to contract (found in muscles which allow for muscle movement)
Enzymes✔✔these proteins speed up chemical reactions by bringing reactants together
Hormones✔✔these proteins are regulatory proteins. These are like messengers within cells, which influence metabolic processes of cells
Transport✔✔these proteins are located within the membrane of cells, determine which substances are allowed to enter and exit the cell, other of these proteins carry molecules in the blood of animals
Defense✔✔these proteins are antibodies, they protect the body from foreign invaders by attaching themselves to the infectious cells
Amino Acids✔✔proteins are macromolecules that make up _____ _____ as their subunits
R Group✔✔the differences between amino acids lie within their __
20 ✔✔there are ___ different amino acids
Denaturation✔✔this is the process in which a protein is exposed to high heat, or extreme change in pH, the R groups in the proteins get disturbed and the shape of the protein is lost
9 ✔✔only ___ amino acids are said to be essential
Nucleic Acids✔✔these re the most important macromolecules that allow life to continue
Nucleic Acids✔✔these carry genetic information
Nucleic Acids✔✔these are polymers that are made of nucleotides as the building blocks
Photons✔✔packets of energy that travel at the speed of light
Potential Energy✔✔energy that is stored but has not yet been released
Law of Conservation of Matter✔✔this states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only change form
Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, and Organ
System✔✔this is how organisms are organized
Tissue✔✔a group of the same cells that have the same structure and function
Organ✔✔a part of the body made of tissues that all function together to complete a specific task, each organ belongs to an organ system and works together with other organs
Organ System✔✔composed of several organs working together for a common purpose (ex. digestive system)
Homeostasis✔✔this is the way the body keeps its constant internal environment
Negative Feedback✔✔this prevents change within the body (we love this)
Positive Feedback✔✔this increases change within the body (we don't like this)
Stimuli✔✔organisms respond to both internal and external __________
Apoptosis✔✔programmed cell death (is a part of cell development)
Evolution✔✔this is the process by which a population changes genetically over time
Unified Cell Theory✔✔- all living things are composed of one or more cells
- a cell is the basic unit of all things
- new cells are born from already existing cells
Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, DNA✔✔these are the 4 basic components all cells have (outside->in)
Endomembrane System✔✔this is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
Cytosol✔✔what is the cytoplasm composed of?
Cytoskeleton✔✔this is the network of microtubules and microfilament fibers (protein fibers)
Actin✔✔what are microfilaments made of?
ATP✔✔what is made in the mitochondria?
Adenosine Triphosphate✔✔what does ATP stand for?
Cellular Respiration✔✔through what process is ATP made?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum✔✔this is covered in ribosomes; proteins are made here where they are then packaged for transport out of the cell to other parts of the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum✔✔this does not have ribosomes; is mainly involved in the production of lipids, detoxification of toxins, and carbohydrate metabolism
Ribosomes✔✔these are cellular structures consisting of proteins and RNA which are responsible for making proteins
Ribosomes✔✔these can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached onto the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Apparatus✔✔this is the packaging center of the cell; makes some of the chemicals produced within the cell; collects and packages chemicals for transport to different parts of the cell
Vacuoles✔✔these are storage areas for the cell
Vesicles✔✔these are smaller vacuoles which function for transport in/out of the cell
Lysosomes✔✔these contain enzymes that break down cell material ("eat" organelles that have died)
Peroxisomes✔✔these carry out reactions which break down fatty acids and amino acids
Cilia✔✔are present in many numbers and extend along the entire surface of the plasma membrane
Flagella✔✔long hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane
Centrioles/Centrosomes✔✔these are located near the nucleus of the cell and is known as the "microtubule organizing center" of the cell
Microtubules✔✔these are made in the centrosome
