Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Related Disorders - Prof. Macalinao, Exams of Nursing

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“Split Mind”

Schizophrenia

Nathalie Ninez R. Alabastro

April 27-28, 2024

The term "schizophrenia" was first used in 1911 by a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler. It comes from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind). Bleuler used this name to emphasize the mental confusion and fragmented thinking characteristic of people with the illness. His term was not meant to convey the idea of an actual split or multiple personality. This confusion has, however, become a common and rather entrenched myth regarding schizophrenia that continues to this day. Schizophrenia

Positive and Negative Symptoms

Hard or Positive Symptoms Soft or Negative Symptoms

any change in behaviour or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions where people appear to withdraw from the world around then, take no interest in everyday social interactions, and often appear emotionless and flat

Negative or Soft Symptoms

Schizoaffective

• Is a major psychiatric disorder similar to

schizophrenia

• Is a biological disorder which likely

results from an imbalance in brain

chemicals

• Develops in about 1 in 200 people

• Affects all aspects of daily living,

including work, social relationships and

self-care

Related Disorders 06 Let’s identify!

Catatonia:

• Catatonia is characterized by marked psychomotor disturbance, either excessive motor activity or virtual immobility and motionlessness.
• Motor immobility may include catalepsy (waxy flexibility) or stupor.
• Excessive motor activity is apparently purposeless and not influenced by external stimuli.
• Other behaviors include extreme negativism, mutism, peculiar movements, echolalia, or echopraxia. Catatonia can occur with schizophrenia, mood disorders, or other psychotic disorders. 02

Delusional disorder

• The client has one or more nonbizarre delusions— that is, the focus of the delusion is believable.
• The delusion may be persecutory, erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, or somatic in content.
• Psychosocial functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre. 03

Shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux):

• Two people share a similar delusion.
• The person with this diagnosis develops this

delusion in the context of a close relationship with

someone who has psychotic delusions, most

commonly siblings, parent and child, or husband

and wife.

• The more submissive or suggestible person may

rapidly improve if separated from the dominant

person.

05

Schizotypal personality disorder:

• This involves odd, eccentric behaviors, 593

including transient psychotic symptoms.

• Approximately 20% of persons with this personality

disorder will eventually be diagnosed with

schizophrenia.

06

Genetics

• Schizophrenia tends to run in families, but no single gene is thought to be responsible.
• It's more likely that different combinations of genes make people more vulnerable to the condition. However, having these genes does not necessarily mean you'll develop schizophrenia.
• Evidence that the disorder is partly inherited comes from studies of twins. Identical twins share the same genes.
• In identical twins, if a twin develops schizophrenia, the other twin has a 1 in 2 chance of developing it, too. This is true even if they're raised separately.
• In non-identical twins, who have different genetic make-ups, when a twin develops schizophrenia, the other only has a 1 in 8 chance of developing the condition.
• While this is higher than in the general population, where the chance is about 1 in 100, it suggests genes are not the only factor influencing the development of schizophrenia.

Brain development

• Studies of people with schizophrenia have shown there are subtle differences in the structure of their brains.
• These changes are not seen in everyone with schizophrenia and can occur in people who do not have a mental illness.
• But they suggest schizophrenia may partly be a disorder of the brain.