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Reviewer for Finals in Environmental Science, Study notes of Environmental Science

Reviewer for Finals in Environmental Science.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/02/2023

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Fin
R E V I E W E R
Eninta Sne
Environmental Management
Environment
- coined from the French word environia”, which means "to surround".
- includes all the living and non-living components close to us and with whom we have daily
interactions which are necessary for our survival.
Management
- identifying or planning issues, doing or implementing the planning outcomes, and
checking, or verifying the implemented arrangements that are topped by review and
improvement of all the phases of the management cycle.
Environmental Management
- is dened as the process of safeguarding the environment by monitoring humans’
interaction with their environments and the various components in them
- We can evaluate the impact of human activities on the environment through it
- helps us to control and limit the damage caused to the environment due to such activities.
- involves environmental protection and sustainability, wildlife management, forest
management, soil management, human resource management, water resource management,
natural resource management, etc.
- also includes the components of the biophysical environment and the human environment,
like the social, cultural, political, and economic environments.
- approach to environmental stewardship which integrates ecology, policy-making, planning
and social development
- refers to decisions and actions regarding how to allocate or develop resources; and how to
use, restore, rehabilitate, monitor or evaluate environmental change.
- involves decisions, strategies, programs and projects to use or protect the environment in
order to meet broader social objectives
-Goals:
1. the prevention and resolution of environmental problems;
2. establishing limits;
3. establishing and nurturing institutions that eectively support environmental
research, monitoring and management;
4. warning of threats and identifying opportunities;
5. sustaining and, if possible improving, existing resources;
6. where possible improving ‘quality of life’;
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Fin

R E V I E W E R

Eninta Sne

Environmental Management Environment

  • coined from the French word “environia”, which means "to surround".
  • includes all the living and non-living components close to us and with whom we have daily interactions which are necessary for our survival. Management
  • identifying or planning issues, doing or implementing the planning outcomes, and checking, or verifying the implemented arrangements that are topped by review and improvement of all the phases of the management cycle. Environmental Management
  • is dened as the process of safeguarding the environment by monitoring humans’ interaction with their environments and the various components in them
  • We can evaluate the impact of human activities on the environment through it
  • helps us to control and limit the damage caused to the environment due to such activities.
  • involves environmental protection and sustainability, wildlife management, forest management, soil management, human resource management, water resource management, natural resource management, etc.
  • also includes the components of the biophysical environment and the human environment, like the social, cultural, political, and economic environments.
  • approach to environmental stewardship which integrates ecology, policy-making, planning and social development
  • refers to decisions and actions regarding how to allocate or develop resources; and how to use, restore, rehabilitate, monitor or evaluate environmental change.
  • involves decisions, strategies, programs and projects to use or protect the environment in order to meet broader social objectives
  • Goals:
  1. the prevention and resolution of environmental problems;
  2. establishing limits;
  3. establishing and nurturing institutions that eectively support environmental research, monitoring and management;
  4. warning of threats and identifying opportunities;
  5. sustaining and, if possible improving, existing resources;
  6. where possible improving ‘quality of life’;
  1. identifying new technology or policies that are useful. - Importance:
  2. reduces the chances of risk of environmental incidents like oil spills in oceans or forest res, or the blowing up of coal mines, thereby ensuring environmental protection.
  3. helps improve public health and the overall health of the ecosystem by minimizing the harm done due to the negligence of big companies and promoting environmental protection.
  4. achieving optimum utilization of resources by following proper order and maintaining consistency throughout the process. Harmful Activities Leading to Many Severe Changes in Our Environment
  5. Extinction and endangerment of various species of plants and animals that are necessary to maintain balance in the ecosystem.
  6. It is leading to the pollution of oceans and the drying out of dierent water bodies like seas, rivers, and lakes. It is melting snow and ice on mountains due to global warming.
  7. Depletion of the ozone layer, wiping up fossil fuels, emission of harmful gasses like chlorouorocarbon (CFC), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and other toxic gasses into the air from factories and vehicles.
  8. Accumulation of plastic waste in every layer of the lithosphere, and dangerous wildres are destroying acres of forests. Such harmful activities have been going on for generations, leading to many severe changes in our environment. and millions of animals in it. Environmental Management System (EMS)
  • a system that manages the environmental risks and impacts within a company or organization. It involves legislation and operational practices
  • essential set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating eciency.
  • The EMS provides a framework that helps a company achieve its environmental goals through consistent control of its operations.
  • The EMS itself does not dictate a level of environmental performance that must be achieved; each company’s EMS is tailored to the company’s business and goals. - 3 types: a. ISO 14001
  • All types and sizes of organizations can use this system.
  • It describes the various requirements necessary for environmental management certication, including formulating policies and objectives, signicant environmental aspects, prevention of pollution, and improved overall environment.
  1. Clean Water Act (1972)
    • establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.
  2. Clean Air Act (1970)
    • a comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources.
  3. Oil Pollution Act (1990)
    • streamlined and strengthened EPA' s ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills.
  4. Endangered Species Act (1973)
    • provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found.
  5. Resource Conversion and Recovery Act (1976)
    • gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from cradle to grave.
  6. National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
    • the rst major environmental law in the United States and is often called the "Magna Carta " of Federal environmental laws.
  7. Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
    • provides EPA with the authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures.
  8. Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
    • was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S.
  9. Food Quality Protection Act (1996)
    • directs the Secretary of Agriculture to collect pesticide residue data on commodities most frequently consumed by infants and children. **- National Laws
  10. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 (R.A. 9003)**
  • In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and the environment. 2. PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 (R.A. 9275)
  • The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities).

3. LAWS TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT (INTERNATIONAL AND

NATIONAL LAWS) PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 (R.A. 8749)

  • The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy. 4. TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990 (R.A. 6969)
  • The law aims to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978 (Presidential Decree 1586)
  • Facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. Climate Change
  • Refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.
  • These shifts may be natural
  • 1800s
  • Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. Weather
  • The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
  • It can be observed only for a short period of time.
  • It may dier from just cities or provinces. Climate
  • The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
  • Climate can be the same for an entire region or nation. **Causes of Climate Change
  1. Greenhouse eect**
  • Sunlight passes through the atmosphere to earth. At earth’s surface it’s reected back through the atmosphere to space, but after it is reected, greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere 2. Greenhouse Gasses
  • act like a big blanket around the earth, trapping heat after it is reected from earth

Eect Hazard Impact Changing Seasons - Delayed Seasons

  • Season’s may be intense
    • Crops may die
    • Income may be lost
    • Water availability Drier and longer droughts - Water shortage
  • Desertication
  • Increase rate of wildres
  • Crops and animals may die
  • Less water supply
  • Migration High temperature and heat waves
  • Heat stroke
  • Water shortage
  • Sea level rise
  • People and animals may die
  • Food shortage
  • Damage to forests Melting glaciers - Sea level rise
  • Increased warming
  • Flooding
  • Biodiversity loss Climate Change Mitigation
  • Action taken to stop climate change by reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Climate Change Adaptation
  • Action taken to deal with climate change impacts and reduce the eects on lives, livelihoods and ecosystems. EL NIÑO and LA NIÑA El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO Cycle)
  • scientic term that describes the uctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacic (approximately between the International Date Line and 120 degrees West).
  • La Niña is sometimes referred to as the cold phase of ENSO
  • El Niño as the warm phase of ENSO
  • These deviations from normal surface temperatures can have large-scale impacts not only on ocean processes, but also on global.
  • El Niño and La Niña episodes typically last nine to 12 months, but some prolonged events may last for years.
  • They often begin to form between June and August , reach peak strength between December and April, and then decay between May and July of the following year.
  • While their periodicity can be quite irregular, El Niño and La Niña events occur about every three to ve years.
  • Typically, El Niño occurs more frequently than La Niña. El Niño
  • ''The Little Boy'' , or Christ Child in Spanish.
  • originally recognized by shermen o the coast of South America in the 1600s, with the appearance of unusually warm water in the Pacic Ocean.
  • The name was chosen based on the time of year (around December ) during which these warm waters events tended to occur.
  • The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean- atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacic.
  • Typical El Niño eects are likely to develop over North America during the upcoming winter season
  • El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters along the tropical west coast of South America.
  • El Niño events prevent the process of upwelling-the movement of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface-o the coast of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile. This can have a devastating impact on local economies.
  • El Niño events often result in unusual and destructive weather patterns. The normally arid climate of the tropical South American coast, for instance (in Chile) may experience oods and landslides during El Nino events.
  • El Niño events can also impact the western Pacic Ocean. Typhoon Winnie, above, hit Taiwan and China during a powerful El Niño event in 1997. Typhoon Winnie killed more than 200 people and caused more than $1 billion in damages
  • In 2019, the La Mesa Dam slowly dried up due to El Niño. The water level at La Mesa Dam has reached its lowest level in his 12 years. The First Signs of El Niño
  1. Rise in air pressure in the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and Australia.
  2. A fall in air pressure over Tahiti and the rest of central and eastern Pacic Ocean.
  3. The trade winds in the South Pacic weakened or headed east
  4. Warm air rises in Peru
  5. Warm water spreads from the West Pacic and the Indian Ocean to the East Pacic. It takes the rain with it, causing rainfall in normally dry areas and drought in normally wet areas. The Eects of El Niño
  6. Wet winters over south-eastern US
  7. Drought in Indonesia and Australia, and other places that are typically wet
  8. Flood in South America in areas that are typically dry
  9. Wildres and mudslides
  10. Warmer weather in the upper Midwest state and Canada La Niña
  • means ''The Little Girl'' in Spanish.
  1. In the United States, Washington and Oregon may see increased precipitation.
  2. Portions of California, Nevada, and Colorado may see drier conditions. How can we detect La Niña
  • The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , for instance, operates a network of buoys which measure sea-surface temperature, air temperature, currents, winds, and humidity. The buoys are located in about 70 locations, from the Galapagos Islands to Australia. These buoys transmit data to researchers and meteorologists every day. Using buoy data in conjunction with visual information they receive from satellites, scientists are able to more accurately predict ENSO and visualize its development and impact around the globe.