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Lesson 44 REVIEW-II
1. Self Confidence and Self-Efficacy 2. Leadership: Difference between Leadership and Managerial ship 3. Theories of Leadership 4. Culture and Globalization 5. Major Dimensions of Cultural Differences 6. Developing a Good Relationship with your Manager or Team Leader, Co-Workers, Customers 7. Career and Steps for Choosing a Career 8. Targeting Job Search 9. What is a Resume? 10. Major Types of Resumes 11. Job interview 12. Developing Good Work Habits 13. Procrastination and Reasons of Procrastination 14. Time-Management Techniques 1. Self Confidence and Self-Efficacy Self Confidence: Self-confidence is the ability and belief in our self to do those tasks that are given to us by our self or by other people in our family or from our employers. It is a kind of mental and physical force to do the job we are assigned to do.
Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capability to perform a task.
Steps to build self-confidence: These are certain steps which can be followed to build up self-confidence Write down Personal Assets and Achievements:
Develop a Solid Knowledge Base: Use positive self talk: Avoid Negative Self-Talk: Use Positive Visual Imagery: Strive for Peak Performance: Bounce Back from Setbacks and Embarrassments: Get Past the Emotional Turmoil: Find a Creative Solution to Your Problem:
2. Leadership: Difference between leadership and managerial ship Leadership It is the process of bringing about positive changes and influencing others to achieve organizational goals.
Character Attributes of Leaders: People must have these attributes to be a leader. If these attributes are not found in a person, he/she can be a manager but not a leader.
- Integrity 2. Honesty
- Loyalty 4. Selflessness
- Compassion 6. Competency
- Respectfulness 8. Fairness
- Responsibility 10. Decisiveness
- Spiritual appreciation 12. Cooperativeness
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Difference between leadership and managerial ship: The manager plays the role of caretaker or system stabilizer responsible for day-to-day routine maintenance, supervision and administration of the existing system of operation.
Leaders, however, play the role of change agents responsible for effectively bringing about changes or transformations in the existing system and its members.
**3. Theories of leadership
- Big man theory:** This kind of theory is about the leaders who are called leaders by birth or born leaders. 2. Contingency theory: In this category fall those individuals who become leaders out of circumstances. 3. Trait theory: In this type of theory behavioural traits or characteristics are taught and learnt through training. 4. Culture and Globalization Culture Culture is a learned and shared system of knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms.
Globalization Globalization and cross-cultural diversity clearly opens up opportunities for development. Globalization is introducing and instilling cross cultural values in people. Globalization refers to the spread of new forms of non–territorial social activity (Ruggie, 1993; Scholte, 2000). Human relations have become diverse due to the increasing personal and workplace complexities.
5. Major Dimensions of Cultural Differences: Seven dimensions (or facets) of cultural values that help explain how cultures differ from each other are described here.
- Individualism vs. collectivism:
- Acceptance of power and authority:
- Materialism vs. concern for others:
- Formality vs. informality:
- Urgent time orientation vs. casual time orientation:
- Work orientation vs. leisure orientation:
- High context vs. low-context cultures:
Barriers to cross-cultural relations: There are several factors that create problems in developing smooth cross-cultural relations, including communication problems. In this lesson we will focus on those barriers or handicaps which become hindrance in the way of developing better interpersonal cross-cultural relationships.
Perceptuel Expectations Ethnocentrism Intergroup Rather than Interpersonal Relationships Stereotypes in Intergroup Relations Different Norms and Codes of Conduct Unintentional Micro-Inequities (use of thumb for OK)
Strategies to improve cross-cultural relations: Here we take a systematic look at approaches people can use on their own along with training programs designed to improve cross-cultural relations.
Develop Cultural Sensitivity Focus on Individuals Rather than Groups Respect all Workers and Cultures
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Be helpful rather than defensive when a customer complains.
Invite the customer back.
Avoid rudeness. In short, good customer service stems naturally from practicing good human relations. 7. Career and steps for choosing a career Career A career is a series of related job experiences that fit into a meaningful pattern. A general strategy for making a sound career choice is to understand first the inner you, including what you have to offer, and then match that information with information in the outside world.
Ten steps for choosing a career We can identify a career following these ten steps which is more compatible with our interest
- Begin with your values
- Identify your skills and talents
- Identify your preferences
- Experiment
- Become broadly literate
- In your first job, opt for experience first and money second
- Aim for a job in which you can be committed
- Build your life style around your income, not your expectations
- Invest five percent of your income, energy, and money into furthering your career
- Be willing to change and adapt 8. Targeting job search There are certain points which we should keep in mind while looking for a job.
Would I feel more comfortable working in an office with hundreds of other people? Or would I prefer just a handful of coworkers? Would I prefer working in a place where people went out of their way to dress in a stylish manner? Or would I prefer an informal place where not so much emphasis was placed on appearance? Would I prefer to work in a small town or in a busy metropolitan area? How important is access to stores and restaurants? Would it be best for me to work where I could rely on public transportation Would I really prefer an easygoing atmosphere or a highly competitive environment? How important are the social aspects of work to me?
9. What is a Resume? Resume is the first meeting between an employee and a prospective employer. Resumes introduce the applicant with the prospective employer. It is the document which encloses the educational qualification, relevant work experience, and personal detail of a person submitted to an employer or some other authority for securing a job.
Forms of contact We can communicate in a number of ways, which are as follows: Written Spoken CV (curriculum vitae) Letter
10. Major types of resumes Writing a resume is an art. It is written in various types and forms. Some of its popular forms are: The chronological résumé presents facts in reverse chronological order.
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The functional résumé organizes skills and accomplishments into the function performed. The targeted résumé focuses on a specific job target and only presents information relevant to that target. The creative resume presents skills in a creative form The gimmickry resume is also to get the attention of the prospective employer.
11. Job Interview Interview is a technique to assess the interviewee by the interviewer whether he/she is fit for that particular job for which he/she is being interviewed. The process of recruiting of suitable persons through interview is essential to run the organizational affairs.
Successful interview You can learn to be prepared for the interview. Some suggestions for having a successful interview follow as under:
- Prepare in advance (including memorizing basic facts about you).
- Dress appropriately (match the type of employer).
- Focus on important job factors (not benefits and vacations).
- Be prepared for a frank discussion of your strengths and areas for improvement.
- Do not knock former employers. Avoid talking negatively about your previous employers.
- Ask a few good questions.
- Let the interviewer introduce the topic of compensation.
- Smile and exhibit a positive attitude. Don’t show dejected or depressed.
- Emphasize how your skills can benefit the employer.
- Avoid appearing desperate.
- Ask for the job and follow through (with a thank you letter). 12. Developing Good Work Habits Work habits Work habits refer to a person’s characteristic approach to work, including such things as organization, priority setting, and handling of paper work and e-mail.
Good work habits Good work habits means, being organized and prioritizing tasks according to their importance. Good work habits and time management are extremely important because of the current emphasis on enhancing productivity.
Good work habits can be developed by following these certain principles/rules. Develop a Mission, Goals, and a Strong Work Ethic Value Your Time Value Neatness, Orderliness, and Speed Work Smarter, Not Harder Become Self-Employed Psychologically Appreciate the Importance of Rest and Relaxation
13. Procrastination and Reasons of Procrastination Procrastination The productivity can be enhanced by improving work habits relating to procrastination. Productivity is the amount of quality work done with the resources consumed. The leading cause of poor productivity and career self-sabotage is procrastination, delaying a task for an invalid or weak reason. Even productive people have problems with procrastination at times.
Key reasons for procrastination include: Unpleasant tasks If you do not like the tasks or assignments which you are supposed to do, might be the reason of delaying them.
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