READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY | FIRST SEMESTER
CHAPTER 1
JOHN J. ANDERSON
- History is a narration of the events which
have happened among mankind, including
an account of the rise and fall of nations, as
well as of other great changes which have
affected the political and social condition of
the human race.
- History follows a step-by-step process that
is rooted on facts
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
- History deals with the past, not with the
future.
- History is used to avoid the mistakes of the
past, not to recreate the same mistakes.
- History is a tool that can be used in order to
adapt to the present.
OSCAR HANDLIN
- History is the distillation of evidence
surviving from the past.
- Where there is no evidence, there is no
history.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
- The study of history and methodology of
history as a discipline.
- The history of history.
- Studying the changing interpretations of
past events through historian’s eyes.
THE ROLE OF HISTORIANS
- To research, analyze, interpret, and write
about the past by studying historical
documents and sources.
- “Facts cannot speak for themselves”
(interpreted by historians)
IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
- Prerequisite to nationalism (Recto)
HISTORICAL SOURCES
- Sources are not limited to written
documents (records, account letters).
- History may also be spread through word of
mouth.
- This validates written sources that
are destroyed during wars and
colonization.
- Generally classified between primary and
secondary sources.
- Validating historical sources is crucial to
avoid untruthful and false conclusions.
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Sources produced at the same time as the
event, period, or subject being studied.
- First-hand experience.
- Examples:
- Minutes of the meeting
- Numerical records
- Recordings
- Photographs
- Eyewitness accounts
- Archival documents
- Artifacts
SECONDARY SOURCES
- Produced from an interpretation of primary
sources.
- Historical sources which studied a certain
historical subject.
- Examples:
- Textbooks
- Book review
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- The practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical
characteristics, consistency with historical
characteristics, and materials used.
- Examples:
- Quality of paper
- Type of ink
- Language used
INTERNAL CRITICISM
- Examination of the truthfulness and
factuality by looking at the author of the
source, its context, and intended purpose.
- Looks at the content of the source and
examines the circumstance of its
production.
CHAPTER 2: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL
ANALYSIS
CONTEXT ANALYSIS
- This analysis considers the following:
- The historical context of the source
- Time and place it was written
- The situation at the time
- Author’s background
