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Pathophysiology of Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive Study Guide, Exams of Pathophysiology

University of WestminsterPathophysiology

An in-depth examination of various types of diabetes, endocrine disorders, and their associated symptoms, causes, and treatments. Topics include type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, addison's disease, cushing's disease, and more. Students will benefit from this resource as they prepare for exams, quizzes, or assignments related to human anatomy, physiology, or nursing.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 04/04/2024

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Page | 1
Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
verified 2024
type 1 diabetes - ANS>> Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or
adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high
blood glucose levels. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.
type 2 diabetes - ANS>> Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and
most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting
from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with
increased insulin production.
Pathophysiology of diabetes - ANS>> The pathophysiology of diabetes involves plasm
concentrations of glucose signaling the central nervous system to mobilize energy
reserves. It is based on cerebral blood flow and tissue integrity, arterial plasma glucose,
the speed that plasma glucose concentrations fall, and other available metabolic fuels.
Low plasma glucose causes a surge in autonomic activity.
acromegaly - ANS>> abnormal enlargement of the extremities. occurs in adults
hyperthyroidism - ANS>> excessive activity of the thyroid gland- >thyroxine
ØInsomnia, restlessness, tremor, irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis,
diarrhea, inability to concentrate that interferes with work performance; enlarged thyroid
gland
ØIncreased basal metabolic rate leads to weight loss, although appetite and dietary
intake increase.
hyperperathyroidism - ANS>> Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more
of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much parathyroid
hormone (PTH). This causes the levels of calcium in the blood to rise, a condition
known as hypercalcemia.
childhood gigantism - ANS>> pituitary gigantism when your child's pituitary gland
makes too much growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. if not treated
they will have a lower life expectancy and weak limbs. risk of cardiomegaly and heart
failure
hypothyroidism - ANS>> A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less
productive than normal
ØDecreased basal metabolic rate
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Page | 1

Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2

verified 2024

type 1 diabetes - ANS>> Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia. type 2 diabetes - ANS>> Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production. Pathophysiology of diabetes - ANS>> The pathophysiology of diabetes involves plasm concentrations of glucose signaling the central nervous system to mobilize energy reserves. It is based on cerebral blood flow and tissue integrity, arterial plasma glucose, the speed that plasma glucose concentrations fall, and other available metabolic fuels. Low plasma glucose causes a surge in autonomic activity. acromegaly - ANS>> abnormal enlargement of the extremities. occurs in adults hyperthyroidism - ANS>> excessive activity of the thyroid gland- >thyroxine ØInsomnia, restlessness, tremor, irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, inability to concentrate that interferes with work performance; enlarged thyroid gland ØIncreased basal metabolic rate leads to weight loss, although appetite and dietary intake increase. hyperperathyroidism - ANS>> Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This causes the levels of calcium in the blood to rise, a condition known as hypercalcemia. childhood gigantism - ANS>> pituitary gigantism when your child's pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. if not treated they will have a lower life expectancy and weak limbs. risk of cardiomegaly and heart failure hypothyroidism - ANS>> A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal ØDecreased basal metabolic rate

Page | 2 ØWeakness, lethargy, cold intolerance, decreased appetite ØBradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, and mild/moderate weight gain ØElevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides ØEnlarged thyroid, dry skin, constipation ØDepression, difficulties with concentration/memory ØLoss of eyebrow Menstrual irregularity primary hypothyroidism - ANS>> Hashimoto's disease (causes your immune system to mistakenly attack your thyroid) fatigue, lethargy, sensitivity to cold, depression, muscle weakness. secondary hypothyroidism - ANS>> low TSH low levels of T3 and T myxedema - ANS>> occurs in severe or prolonged hypothyroidism. ØGeneralized, non-pitting edema ØDecreased level of consciousness, hypotension, hypothermia, history of precipitating event (trauma, sepsis, certain drugs) ØMay progress to myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition if treatment not received graves disease - ANS>> primary hyperthyroidism removal of thyroid Amenorrhea - ANS>> absence of menstruation In primary amenorrhea, menstrual periods have never begun (by age 16), whereas secondary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or a time period of more than six months in a woman who was previously menstruating. Addison's disease - ANS>> occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone adrenal gland failure cardiogenic shock - ANS>> A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions. - tachycardia, loss of consciousness, low BP end-stage renal disease - ANS>> The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from diabetes, chronic hypertension, or glomerulonephritis) is marked by the complete or nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function. Nausea. Vomiting. Loss of appetite. Fatigue and weakness.

Page | 4 S/S: High blood pressure, low level of potassium in the blood, Feeling tired all the time, Headache, Muscle weakness, Numbness. polyurea - ANS>> excessive urination renal insufficiency How is your body effected by fasting? - ANS>> the body runs out of glucose in blood and glycogen stores in liver. hypoglycemia glucoeogenesis - ANS>> body produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol polyphagia - ANS>> excessive hunger glycosuria - ANS>> presence of glucose in the urine polyuria - ANS>> excessive urination polydipsia - ANS>> excessive thirst Why do women wipe from front to back - ANS>> it could spread e coli that can cause a UTI decreased GFR - ANS>> reduced kidney function that causes excess waste in the blood What does adipose tissue have to do with type 1 diabetes - ANS>> adipose tissue can absorb glucose Chrones disease - ANS>> chronic inflammation of the L. intestine. More likely in persons with depression/anxiety and between 15-25yrs. Late stage becomes fibrosed and stenosis. Tx: symptoms. S/S: abd pain, diarrhea, distention, attacks following eating, urgency to defecate. Complication: fissures, bowel obstruction. MED: Budesonide (anti-inflam steroid) Apendisitis - ANS>> inflammation of the appendix Pseudomembranous colitis - ANS>> refers to swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria. This infection is a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use. diverticular disease - ANS>> condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle primary endocrine disorder - ANS>> dysfunction caused by the endocrine gland itself

Page | 5 secondary endocrine disorder - ANS>> disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland Functions of the kidney - ANS>> 1. excrete nitrogenous waste

  1. regulate blood volume
  2. regulate electrolyte content
  3. helps regulate acid-base balance in blood
  4. produce renin which regulates blood pressure
  5. produces erythropoietin which regulates rbc production acute renal colic - ANS>> severe flank pain radiation to groin vomiting and urinary symptoms blood in the urine from kidney stones anterior pituitary gland - ANS>> AKA the adenohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is made of glandular tissue. It makes and secretes six different hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, and growth hormone. The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus vagal nerve stimulation - ANS>> Treatment for depression that places a small implant that sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve what types of people are at risk for chronic renal failure? - ANS>> What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency? - ANS>> loss of tubule function hirsutism - ANS>> excessive hair growth enuresis - ANS>> involuntary urniation stress urinary incontinence - ANS>> involuntary discharge of urine during coughing, straining, or sudden movements normal micturition - ANS>> pee overflow incontinence - ANS>> involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder Marfan Syndrome - ANS>> affects connective tissue; tall and thin with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes diabetes insipidus - ANS>> antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect

Page | 7 common in people who drink large amounts of alcohol and who have an accumulation of fat in the liver What hormone is released by anterior pituitary gland? - ANS>> The anterior pituitary produces seven hormones. These are the growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), beta-endorphin, and prolactin. What is vagal nerve stimulation? - ANS>> prevent seizures by sending regular, mild pulses of electrical energy to the brain via the vagus nerve. What type of people is at risk for chronic renal failure? - ANS>> being African- American descent, older age, low birth weight and family history of kidney disease