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The Social Self: Theories of Mead, Cooley, and Goffman, Lecture notes of Psychology

Manila Central University (MCU)Psychology

Random notes for psych report and different lessons

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 09/02/2023

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Sociology is one of the social sciences fields that aims to discover how the social environment influences
people's thoughts , feelings and behaviors.
GEORGE
HERBERT MEAD
•Born on February 27, 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
•Graduated and taught Grade School at Oberlin College.
•Enrolled in Harvard University in 1887 where his interests were
Philosophy and Psychology
MEAD SOCIAL SELF
•Social Behaviorism –Mead used to explain environmental influence in
influencing human behaviour. The concept of self is at the center of his
theorisation.
•He described the self as “dimension of personality that is made up of the
individual’s self-awareness and self-image” (Macionis, 2012)
•According to Mead, the self cannot be separated from the society.
•He explained through a set of stages which the person undergoes in the course
of his development.
Reviewer 2
Perspective of
Sociology and Anthropology
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
THE PREPARATORY
STAGE
Mead believed that a self did
not exist at birth but develops
over time. It depends on social
interaction and social
experience.
At this stage..
The actions of children bases
primarily on imitation. They
familiarize themselves with symbols
(verbal and non-verbal) as they
communicate and these symbols
are the basis for communication.
THE PLAY STAGE
This stage is where the child
widens his perspective and
realizes that he is not alone
and there are others around
him which he has to consider.
At this stage..
Role-taking is the process of
assuming the perspective of
another person to see how this
person might behave or
respond in a given situation
(Schaefer, 2012)
THE GAME STAGE
The child now has the ability to
respond not just to one but
several members of his social
environment
At this stage..
Generalized other was used to
explain the behavior when a
person considers other people in
the course of his action. Through
this, the person realizes the
cultural norms, beliefs, & values
incorporated to each self. With
this, it forms the basis of self-
evaluation
STAGES OF SELF FORMATION (GEORGE MEAD
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Download The Social Self: Theories of Mead, Cooley, and Goffman and more Lecture notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Sociology is one of the social sciences fields that aims to discover how the social environment influences people's thoughts , feelings and behaviors.

GEORGE

HERBERT MEAD

  • Born on February 27, 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
  • Graduated and taught Grade School at Oberlin College.
  • Enrolled in Harvard University in 1887 where his interests were Philosophy and Psychology

MEAD SOCIAL SELF

  • Social Behaviorism – Mead used to explain environmental influence in influencing human behaviour. The concept of self is at the center of his theorisation.
  • He described the self as “dimension of personality that is made up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-image” (Macionis, 2012)
  • According to Mead, the self cannot be separated from the society.
  • He explained through a set of stages which the person undergoes in the course of his development. Reviewer 2 Perspective of Sociology and Anthropology FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY

THE PREPARATORY

STAGE

Mead believed that a self did not exist at birth but develops over time. It depends on social interaction and social experience. At this stage.. The actions of children bases primarily on imitation. They familiarize themselves with symbols (verbal and non-verbal) as they communicate and these symbols are the basis for communication.

THE PLAY STAGE

This stage is where the child widens his perspective and realizes that he is not alone and there are others around him which he has to consider. At this stage.. Role-taking is the process of assuming the perspective of another person to see how this person might behave or respond in a given situation (Schaefer, 2012 )

THE GAME STAGE

The child now has the ability to respond not just to one but several members of his social environment At this stage.. Generalized other was used to explain the behavior when a person considers other people in the course of his action. Through this, the person realizes the cultural norms, beliefs, & values incorporated to each self. With this, it forms the basis of self- evaluation

STAGES OF SELF FORMATION (GEORGE MEAD

MEADS THEORY OF THE SELF

  • Theory of the Self: The self is not present at birth but begins as a central character in a child’s world.
  • Children see themselves as “universe” and are having difficulty understanding people around them.
  • As they grow and mature, they begin to see other people and is concerned about their reactions.
  • His family play a major role in the formation of the self. They are the Significant others – strongly influence his development. (Schaefer, 2012) The “I” and “Me Mead explained that the person’s capacity to see the self through others implies that the self has 2 parts :

I Self – when the person initiates, the self-functions as subject. This subjective element of the self is the I.

Me Self – when the person takes the role of the other, the self-function as object. The objective element

of the self is the Me.

  • American sociologist who made use the Sociopsychological approach to understand how societies work.
  • He discussed the formation of the self through interaction in his written work, Human Nature and the Social Order (1902)

Looking-glass self – the self which produces social interaction.

Seeing oneself is based on considering one's personal qualities and the perception of oneself is also influenced by the impression of others

  • Cooley believed that developing a self has 3 phases: (Schaefer, 2012)
  • People imagine how they present themselves to others
  • People develop some sort of feeling about themselves as a result of those impressions. I am not what I think I am I am not what YOU think I am I am what I think YOU think I am.
  • It is noticed that Cooley used the word Imagine. This may mean that there is a possibility that people develop self-identities based on the wrong perception of how others see them. Wrong perceptions, however, can still change based on positive social experiences
  • Canadian-American sociologist knows for his role in the development of Modern American Sociology.
  • The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life – people early in their social interactions learned to slant their self-representation in order to create preferred appearances and satisfy individuals or alter the way the person presents himself to others whom he calls impression management.

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929)

ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982)

THE SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY Anthropology is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the study of man. Not just on one aspect of man, but the totality of what it means to be human. The field looks into man’s physical/biological characteristics, social relationships, and the influence of his culture from the dawn of civilization up to the present.

  • Linguistic Anthropology
  • Cultural Anthropology Everything in anthropology is interconnected and a complete understanding is necessary to achieve better understanding of oneself. There are 4 subfields of Anthropology that suggests that human beings are similar and very different at the same time:
  • Archaeology
  • Biological Anthropology ARCHAEOLOGY
  • Archeologist is a scientist who is researching artefacts to figure out how people have lived their lives. As a result, archeologists have found that humans are sensitive to changes in their climate so they can survive.
  • They believe that Homo sapiens did not become extinct because of their ability to think, use tools, and learn from experience.
  • Those discoveries have made people realize that survival is the most important aspect of human life. According to the School of Functionalism human behavior continues to adapt for survival.
  • Men are similar, but the manner they use to survive differs. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
  • Biological anthropologists focus mainly on how the human body adapts to the different conditions on earth.
  • They study people in different places and discover that while human beings vary in their biological composition and behavior, there are much more similarities between them than there are differences.
  • Similar biological features of human beings will achieve total superiority over all living creatures and at the same time be the cause of their extinction. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
  • Human survival is largely related to their communication skills and language is an important part of human communication.
  • Language – identifies group of people; words, sounds, symbols, writings and signs that are used are reflections of a group’s culture.
  • Linguistic anthropologists used language to explore the way social interaction takes place within a community, to establish and exchange meanings in order to shape ideas , concepts and facilitate social change, and how language evolves over time.
  • Language is a representation of the time and way people use it to speak. As societies change and technologies develop, so do the symbols and meanings that people use as their means of communication through language.

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

  • Culture – a way of life for people - including their behavior, beliefs , values and symbols they accept, socially transmitted from generation to generation through communication and imitation.
  • Cultural anthropologists concentrate on understanding what makes the way of life of one group especially to that group and is an important part of the personal and social identity of the community. THEORY OF CULTURAL DETERMINISM
    • Where culture has a strong impact on how individual view himself.
    • According to this theory, the thoughts, concepts, opinions, and values acquired as a member of a culture are determined by human existence.
    • Cultural anthropologists suggests that there is no universal or right way of being human. The right way is always based on culture. Since culture vary, there is no one way of understanding human nature -
  • Cultural diversity is manifested in various ways and at different depths. Symbols are regarded as the most superficial level of culture, and values belong to the deepest level, or are regarded as the heart of culture. WAYS IN WHICH CULTURE MAY MANIFEST ITSELF IN PEOPLE:
  • Symbols
  • Heroes
  • Rituals
  • Values Heroes – person from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a culture. They may be real or fictitious and are models of behavior. Symbols – words, gestures, symbols that have recognized meaning in a particular culture. Anthropology makes the person aware that what he is maybe determined by his past , and present condition , his biological characteristics , the way he communicates, the language that he uses and the manner in which he chooses to live his life. Rituals – activities, may be religious or social, participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are considered to be socially essential. Values – are unconscious, and can neither be discussed nor be directly observed but can only be inferred from the way people act and react to circumstances and situations.

R E F E R E N C E S Bandura, A. (1999). Social Cognitive Theory of Personality. In Pervin and John (eds) Handbook of Personality Theory and Research. 2nd ed. Guilford Press. 134- 194 Chafee, J.(2013). Who are you? Consciousness, Identity and the Self. In the Philosoper's Way: Thinking Critically about Profound Ideas. Pearson. 106- 169 Csordas, T. (1999). Self and Person. In bode (ed). Psychological Anthropology. Praeger. 331- 350 Geertz, C. (1973). The Impact of the Concept of Culture and the Concept of Man. 33 - 54 and Person, Time and Conduct in Bali. 360- 411. In the Interpretation of Culture. Basic Books Harter, S. (1996). Historical Roots of Contemporary Issues Involving the Self Concept. In Bracken (ed) Handbook of Self Concept: Developmental, Social, and Clinical Considerations. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1- 37 Johnson, T. (1985). The Western Concept of Self. In Marsella (ed) Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. Tavistock Publications. 91- 138 Lanuza, G. (2004). The Constitution of the Self. In David, R. (ed) Nation, Self and Citizenship: An Invitation to Philippine Sociology. Anvil Publishing. Mead, GH (1972). Mind. Self, and Society from a Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. The University of Chicago Press Triandis (1989). The self and social behaviour in differing cultural contexts. Psychol. Rev. 96.3.506- 520 Wei-Ming, T. (1985). Selfhood and Otherness in Confucian Thought. In Marsella (ed) Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. Tavistock Publications. 231- 251.