Anatomy and Physiology I: Connective Tissue and Skin Study Guide - Quiz 3 - Prof. William , Study notes of Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology I

Professor Said

Quiz 3 Study Guide

II. Adipose Tissue

III. Areolar Tissue

IV. Cartilage

Cell Type : Chondrocyte Characteristics: Cells are packed together, an exception to all other types of connective tissues Function: Fat storage, insulation (Thermoregulation), Source of energy Location: Hypodermis of skin, around heart and kidneys, behind eyeball in socket Characteristics: Made up of actin filaments, collagen, monocytes, fibroblats, mast cells, elastin Function: Package organs; provide strength, elasticity, and support Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, superficial part of dermis, mucous membranes, around blood vessels and nerves Hyaline Cartilage

• Glassy background
• Will not see fibers Ex) Costal cartilage- connects sternum to ribs Fibro Cartilage
  • Located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
  • Resists compression
  • Arranged in linear order Elastic Cartilage
    • Elastin fiber
    • Located in external ear

B. Spongy Bone

Skin

3 Main Layers: Epidermis (Superficial), Dermis, Hypodermis (Deep) Characteristics:

• No “osteons”
• Osteocytes are found on irregular structures called trabeculae (an arrangement)

Epithelial Tissue

Cells are packed together

• Basal Membrane
• Apical Membrane
• Lumen Avascular

Connective Tissue

Cells are apart with matrix (ground substance)

• Except adipose tissue Vascular, except cartilage Stratum Corneum - Dead keratinocytes, no blood supply; Most superficial layer Stratum Lucidum - Only found in think skin (palms) Stratum Granulosum - highly granulated Stratum Spinosum - spiny-shaped cell Stratum Basale- one layer of cube-like cells, highly mitotic → gives rise to all types of cells in skin Strata of Epidermis Stratified Squamous

Specialized Cells of Epidermis

Keratinocytes - make “Keratin,” a water proof protein, prevents dehydration Melanocytes - make “Melanin,” dark pigment protein Dendritic Cells - (Langerhans) Monocyte origin to Phagocytosis Merkel Cells - Tactile cells; function in sensation, sensitive to touch and inform nervous system

Glands of Skin: Exocrine Glands

Oil Glands : “Sebaceous” Holocrine Glands - secretions made up of whole cells; duct ends in basement membrane; diffuse to surface Wax Glands: “Cerumerious” Will open to surface in localized area, Ex) ear Sweat Glands : “Sudoriferous” “Watery Sweat” Location: All over skin surface Characteristics: No smell, Duct opens to surface of skin “Thick Cold-Sweat” Location: Around nipples and pubic area Characteristics: Duct opens around the hair follicle, Odioriferous (has smell)

• Sex pheromone?

Malignant Melanoma - Follows ABCD Rule: A - Asymmetry B - Irregular border C - Color (mixture) D - Diameter, larger than 6mm

Parasites of Skin

• Fungal Infection
• Mites : Sarcoptic Mange Mite Sarcoptes scabiei - Causative of ‘scabies,’ 7-year itch House Dust Mite Dermatophagoides - Feces and exoskeleton induce allergic reaction response; Feed on dead keratinocytes
• Insects : Sand Flea Female deposits posterior end into your skin, male detects Tunga Penetrans: Tungiasis
• Bacterium : Propionibacterium Fermentation that produces Propionic Acid Causes Acne; a component of the creation of Swiss Cheese, holes in cheese are result of carbon dioxide in fermentation

Bone Formation (Ossification)

Intramembranous Ossification Starts with membranous connective tissue that is gradually ossified (Sandwich Model) Ex) Flat bones of Cranium (8), Clavicle Endochondoral Ossification Starts with cartilage that is gradually replaced with osseous tissue Ex) Long bones Spongy Compact

Details of Epiphyseal Plate: Zone of Growth

All zones are found in long bone on both sides of the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate.

Other Cell Types in Bone Tissue

Osteoclasts - Bone degrading cells; Multinucleated (13-14 nucleuses in cell) Reserve Cartilage Zone

• Contains chondrocytes Proliferation Zone
• Means actively dividing Zone of Hypertrophy
• Cells grow larger Zone of Calcification
• Incorporation of Ca++, hormonal control Zone of Ossification
• Osteoblasts and osteocytes Rankl is secreted by the osteoblast and binds to the Rank receptors, which activates the osteoclast. Bone Degradation ; releases Ca++ and becomes available to be incorporated into new bone tissue (Osteoblast)

Ethymoid Bone

Naegleria fowleri

Sphenoid Bone

Crista Galli attach to meninges of brain. Cribriform Foramina allow for the nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve to send nerve impulses from nasal cavity to olfactory lobe. Protozoa in some lakes can travel through nasal cavity and through cribriform formina to feed on brain. Free-living protozoa: can transform from biflagellated form to amoeboid form quickly. PAM - Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitic The Sella Turcica houses the pituitary gland.

Special Structures and Sutures

Intervertebral Disc

Herniated Disc

Clavicle

Hip Bone

Nucleus pulposus - composed of mainly water to help withstand pressure Anulus fibrosus - fibrocartilage of chondrocytes The nucleus pulposus is ruptured and pains the nerve. Flat end articulates with the Scapula; bone formed through intramembranous ossification. Ischium “sit down bone” Acetabulum Receives the head of the femur Pubic Arch

• 90 ° in male
• 120 ° in female

Fovea capitis- depression in femur, attachment site for ligaments

Funny bone is the medial epicondyle of the human!

The Joints: Structural Classification

The Joints: Functional Classification

Fibrous I. Sutures Strong, short, fibrous tissue II. Gomphosis Attach tooth to socket III. Syndesmosis Long fibrous connective tissue joining long bones Ex) Distal portion of tibia/fibula Cartilagenous I. Synchrondrosis Is hyaline cartilage Ex) Costal Cartilage II. Symphosis Intervertebral disc Pubic Symphosis is fibro cartilage. Bony The two frontals and the two mandibles leading to immovable joints Ex) Epiphyseal line vs. Epihyseal plate Immovable (Synarthrosis) Ex) Sutures, gomphosis Slightly Moveable ( Amphiarthrosis ) Ex) Cartilagenous Freely Moveable ( Diarthrosis ) Ex) Carpals, shoulders: are synovial Contain synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication