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quality management lecture notes 2020 study, Lecture notes of Management Theory

quality management lecture notes 2020 study

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 03/13/2022

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Meaning of Quality: Quality is a relatıve term and is genrally used with reference to the end
use of product.
• Fitness for purpose
• Conformance to requirements Grade
• Degrec of preference
• Degree of excellence
• Measure of fulfillment of promises
In terms of product characteristics, feigenbaum defines quality as:
"The total composite product and service characteristics of engineering, manufacturing,
marketing and maintenance through which the product and service in use meet the
expectation of the customers."
Product should have certain abilities to perform satısfactorily in a stated application. These
abilities may be categorized into ten factors as under:
• Suitability • Reliability • Durability • Workability • Affordability • Maıntainabilıty •
Aesthetıc look • Satısfactıon to customers • Economıcal • Versatılıty
Control: Control can be defined as a process by means of whıch who observe the actual
perforrrıance and compare it with some standard. If there is a deviation between the
observed performance and the standard performance then it is necessary to take corrective
action.
Quality Control: The procedure for meeting the quality goals is termed as quality control.
It is a system, plan or method of approach to the solution of quality problems.
" An effective system for integratıng the Quality development, quality maintenance and
quality ımprovement efforts of the various groups in an organization, so as to enable
production and services at the most economical levels which allow full customer
satısfaction."
Steps in Quality Control Programme:
• Formulate quality policy.
• Work out detaıls of product requırements, set the standards (specifications) on the basıs of
customer's preference, cost and prof it.
• Select inspechan plan and setup procedure for checking
• Detect deviations from set tip procedure for checking
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Meaning of Quality: Quality is a relatıve term and is genrally used with reference to the end use of product.

  • Fitness for purpose
  • Conformance to requirements Grade
  • Degrec of preference
  • Degree of excellence
  • Measure of fulfillment of promises In terms of product characteristics, feigenbaum defines quality as: "The total composite product and service characteristics of engineering, manufacturing, marketing and maintenance through which the product and service in use meet the expectation of the customers." Product should have certain abilities to perform satısfactorily in a stated application. These abilities may be categorized into ten factors as under:
  • Suitability • Reliability • Durability • Workability • Affordability • Maıntainabilıty • Aesthetıc look • Satısfactıon to customers • Economıcal • Versatılıty Control: Control can be defined as a process by means of whıch who observe the actual perforrrıance and compare it with some standard. If there is a deviation between the observed performance and the standard performance then it is necessary to take corrective action. Quality Control: The procedure for meeting the quality goals is termed as quality control. It is a system, plan or method of approach to the solution of quality problems. " An effective system for integratıng the Quality development, quality maintenance and quality ımprovement efforts of the various groups in an organization, so as to enable production and services at the most economical levels which allow full customer satısfaction." Steps in Quality Control Programme:
  • Formulate quality policy.
  • Work out detaıls of product requırements, set the standards (specifications) on the basıs of customer's preference, cost and prof it.
  • Select inspechan plan and setup procedure for checking
  • Detect deviations from set tip procedure for checking
  • Take corrective action through properauthority and make necessary changes to achieve standards.
  • Decide on salvage method, to decide how the defective parts are disposed of, entire scrap or rework.
  • Co-ordination of quality problems.
  • Developing quality consciousness in the organization. CONCLUSION &SUMMARY Factors controlling quality of conformance: For good quality of conformance with the design, any organization should ensure that: The incoming raw material are of adequate quality. The machines and tools for the job and the measuring instruments are adequate for their purposes and are kept at high level of maintenance. Operatorshould be well trained experienced and motivated for quality consciousness. Etc., Quality of performance isconcerned with how well the manufactured product gives its performance. It depends upon quality of design & quality of conformance. Processes: Sets of related tasks or activities by which work is accomplished. Operational Definition -A comprehensive philosophy of operations that is built around the concept that there are always ways in which a process can be improved to better meet the needs of the customer and that an organization should constantly strive to make those improvements Five ways to improve a Process: Reduce resources Reduce errors Meet or exceed expectations of internal/external customers Make the process safer Make the process more satisfying to the person doing it. Four Improvement Strategies : Repair•Refinement • Renovation• Re-invention
  1. Increased effectiveness in the use of company resources
  2. Improved customer Ioyalty that leads to repeat business
  3. Heightened employee and company morale that reduces turnover rates (thereby decreasing costs of training new employees)
  4. Challenging goals and targets that encourage company growth and expansion
  5. Flexibility that enables fast and appropriate reactions to opportunities and obstacles And much, much more. The ISO model: ISO management system standards (MSS) help organizations improve their performance by specifying repeatable steps that organizations consciously implement to achieve their goals and objectives, and to create an organizational cultu re that reflexively engages in a continuous cycle of self-evaluation, correction and improvement of operations and processes through heightened employee awareness and management leadership and commitment. The benefits of an effective management system to an organization in clude:
  • More efficient use of resources and improved financial performance,
  • Improved risk management and protection of people and the environment, and
  • Increased capability to deliver consistent and improved services and products, thereby increasing value to customers and all other stakeholders. MSS are the result of consensus among intemational experts with expertise in global management, leadersh ip strateg ies, and efficient and effective processes and practices. MSS standards can be implemented by any organization, large or small. Benefits of ISO standards: ISO was founded with the idea of answering a fundamental question: "what's the best way of doing this?" It started with the obvious things like weights and measures. Intemational Standards mean that consumers can have confidence that their products are safe, reliable and of good quality. ISO 's standards on road safety, toy safety and secure medical packaging are just a few of those that help make the world a saferplace. Regulators and governments counton ISO standards to help develop better regulation, knowing they have a sound bas is thanks to the involvement of globally-established experts. With International Standards on air, water and soil quality, on emissions of gases and radiation, and environmental as pecls of products, they protect the health of the planet and people, beyond bringing economic benefits. ISO 9000 family - Quality management

The ISO 9000 family addresses various aspects of quality management and contains some of ISO's best known standards. The standards provide guidance and tools for companies and organizations who want to ensure that their products and services consistently meet customer's requirements, and that quality is consistently improved. Eight Quality Management Principles: Customer focus Leadership Involvement of people Process approach System approach to management Continual improvement Factual approach to decision-making Advantages of ISO 9000:

  • Quality is maintained,
  • ISO registration also has a significant bearing on market credibility as well.
  • Opportunity to compete with larger companies,
  • More time spent on customer focus, Confirmation that a company is committed to quality, May facilitate trade and increased market opportunities ISO ISO 14001 in brief ISO 14001 is among ISO's most well known standards ever. This is implemented by more than a million organizations in some 175 countries. ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement environmental management. Environmental management ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This means what the organization does to: Minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, To conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and To achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.

Both ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 concem the way an organization goes about its work.

  • They are not product standards.
  • They are not service standards. They are process standards.
  • They can be used by product manufacturers and service providers.
  • Processes affect final products or services. ISO 9001 gives the requirements for what the organization mustdo to manage processes affecting quality of its products and services. ISO 14001 gives the requirements for what the organization must do to manage processes affecting the impact of its activities on the environment. Certification and registration
  • Certification is known in some countries as registration.
  • It means that an independent, extemal body has audited an organization's management system and verified that it conforms to the requirements specified in the standard (ISO 9001 or ISO 14001).
  • ISO does not carry out certification and does not issue or approve certificates Accreditation
  • Accreditation is like certification of the certification body.
  • It means the formal approval by a specialized body - an accreditation body -that a certification body is competent to carry out ISO 9001:2008 or ISO 14001:2004 certification in specified business sectors.
  • Certificates issued by accredited certification bodies - and known as accredited certificates
  • may be perceived on the market as having increased cred i bi I ity.
  • ISO does not carry out or approve accreditations. Certification not a requirement
  • Certification is not a requirement of ISO 9001 or ISO 14001.
  • The organization can implement and benefit from an ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 system without having it certified.
  • The organization can implement them for the intemal benefits without spending money on a certification programme.

Certification is a business decision

  • Certification is a decision to be taken for business reasons:
  • if it is a contractual, regulatory, or market requirement,
  • If it meets customer preferences
  • it is part of a risk management programme, or
  • if it will motivate staff by setting a clear goal. ISO does not certify
  • ISO does not carry out ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 certification.
  • ISO does not issue certificates.
  • ISO does not accredit, approve or control the certification bodies.
  • ISO develops standards and guidesto encourage good practice in accreditation and certification. The ISO 14000 family
  • ISO 14001 is the standard that gives the requirements for an environmental management system.
  • ISO 14001:2004 is the latest, improved version.
  • It is the only standard in the ISO 14000 family that can be used for certification.
  • The ISO 14000 family includes 21 other standards that can help an organization specific aspects such as auditing, environmental labelling, life cycle analysis...
  • The world wide total of certificates to ISO 9001:2001 at the end of 2007 was 951 486.
  • This was increase of 6 % over 2006 when the total was 896 929 certificates.
  • Certificates had been issued in 175 countries compared to 170 the previous year.
  • The worldwide total of ISO 14001 certificates at the end of 2007 was 154 572.
  • This was an increase of 21 % over 2006 when the total was 128 211.
  • Certificates had been issued in 148 countries compared to 140 the year Benefits of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
  • International, expert consensus on state-of-the-art practices for quality and environmental management.

COST OF QUALITY

  • Quality costs are defined as costs associated with nonachievement of product/service quality. In simple terms, quality cost is the cost of poor products/services.
  • The cost of poor quality can add to other costs such as design, production, maintenance, inspection, sales, etc. Quality costs cross department boundaries by involving all activities of the organization - marketing, purchasing, design, manufacturing, service, etc.
  • The price of nonconformance (Philip Crosby) or the cost of poor quality (Joseph Juran), the term 'Cost of Quality', refers to the costs associated with providing poor quality product or service. How to Prevent Poor Quality
  • Prepare to measure costs of quality
  • Determine categories of quality costs
  • Create measurement system that captures categories of quality costs
  • Assign responsibility to collect data
  • Analyse collected data Preventing Poor Quality
  • Would it not make sense to prevent poor quality products from happening?
  • How can this be done?

a. Non Conformance. This area covers the price paid by not having quality systems or a quality product. Examples of this are: (1) Rework. Doing the job over again because it wasn't right the first time. (2) Scrap. Throwing away the results of your work because it is not up to the required standard. (3) Waiting. Time wasted whilst waiting for other people. (4) Down Time. Not being able to do your job because a machine is broken. b. Conformance. Conformance is an aim of quality assurance. This aim is achieved at a price. Examples of this are: (1) Documentation. Writing work instructions, technical instructions and producing paperwork. (2) Training. On the job training, quality training, etc. (3) Auditing. Internal, external and extrinsic. (4) Planning, Prevention, do the right thing first time. (5) Inspection. Vehicles, equipment, buildings and people. External Failure Costs Internal Failure Costs

Examples of appraisal costs Appraisal Costs

  • Inspection and testing
  • costs of testing and inspecting materials, parts, and product at various stages and at the end of a process
  • Test equipment costs
  • costs of maintaining equipment used in testing quality characteristics of products
  • Operator costs
  • costs of time spent by operators to gather data for testing product quality, to make equipment adjustments to maintain quality, and to stop work to assess quality Examples of prevention costs

Preventing poor quality (comparasion)

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