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PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND
NEUROTHERAPEUTICS 2025 (160 questions
and answers)
Neuron - Correct answer basic unit of the nervous system Soma - Correct answer cell body of the neuron, houses the nucleus Nucleus - Correct answer contains genomic DNA Dendrites - Correct answer Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. Axon - Correct answer A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. Node of Ranvier - Correct answer A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed. Schwann cells - Correct answer Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin. axon terminal - Correct answer End of branch of axon; contains chemical messengers called neurotransmitters Human brain is organized into - Correct answer cerebral cortex, brainstem, subcortical structures and cerebellum Fundamental premise of psychiatric neuroscience - Correct answer people with major mental illness suffer as a result of abnormal brain function intermediate phenotype - Correct answer disease trait in the path of pathogens; from genetic predisposition to manifestation.
Identifying intermediate phenotypes is helpful because - Correct answer identifying intermediate phenotypes with high heritability is helpful in delineating the genetics of the disorder. endophenotypes - Correct answer Bio-behavioral abnormalities that are linked to genetic and neurobiological causes of mental illness. Neuro imaging - living brain - Correct answer best modern tool for examining pathophysiology of mental illness. Can quantitatively measure morphometry, metabolism and functional activity. spatial resolution r/t neuro imaging - Correct answer limited in examining microscopic changes implicated in psychiatric illness What is neurophysiology? - Correct answer electrical activity in the brain; provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution. EEG - Correct answer An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. ERP - Correct answer event related potential MEG - Correct answer magnetoencephalography, measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp produced by changes in patterns of neural activity TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - Correct answer a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain brain stimulation therapy - Correct answer This type of therapy is used to treat depression through electroshock therapy. Can be invasive or non- invasive. Neuropathology - Correct answer Study of characteristics and origins of diseases and their effects on the nervous system post mortem Adoption, twin, and familial segregation studies prove many psychiatric d/o are - Correct answer heritable
Amygdala - Correct answer A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. parahippocampal gyrus - Correct answer grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval cingulate cortex - Correct answer A subcortical structure above the corpus callosum. Its anterior (forward) segment participates in decision making and emotion, and its posterior (rear) segment participates in memory and visual processing. association cortex - Correct answer Cortical regions throughout the brain that combine information from various other parts of the brain. frontal lobe function - Correct answer planning, attention, abstract thought, problem-solving, judgement, initiative and inhibition of impulses limbic system function - Correct answer regulation of emotion; memory; appetite; autonomic, neuroendocrine; olfaction Sensory information - Correct answer Parietal, occipital, and temporal involved in integrating sensory information Thalamus function - Correct answer relay station for sensory impulses, pain basal ganglia function - Correct answer Direct input from frontal lobe, facilitates motor movements, inhibits unneeded movements Spatial-temporal aspects of speech Damage: unusual body postures, dysarthria, change in body tone, involuntary uncontrolled movments interfere with voluntary speech, walk or other movements (dyskinesias) Hypothalamus function - Correct answer water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex. Discrete nuclei in the brain synthesize key modularly neurotransmitters such as: - Correct answer Dopaminergic Ventral Tegmental Area in midbrain
Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei in brainstem Noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in pons Cholinergic neurons in the brainstem and forebrain Ramon y Cajal and the Neuron Doctrine (1906) - Correct answer neurons act as physically discrete units within the brain, communicating with each other through specialized junctions. neuron axon length - Correct answer highly variable short axon length - Correct answer inhibitory, inter-neurons that make only local connections longer axon length - Correct answer cortical projection neurons must reach contralateral hemisphere or down the spinal cord. motor and sensory neurons may have axons that are several feet long Classifying Neurons - Correct answer structure histology function electrophysiology neurotransmitter type Classifying Neurons by Structure - Correct answer projection local-inter neuron Histology of neurons - Correct answer Bipolar multipolar unipolar Function of neurons - Correct answer excitatory inhibitory modulatory Electrophysiology of neuron - Correct answer tonic phasic fast-spiking There are 10 times more ___________ than neurons - Correct answer Glia
Neurotransmitters trigger - Correct answer either rapid or slow effector systems second messenger system - Correct answer mechanism by which neurotransmitters and many hormones cause a cellular response inside the cell human genome - Correct answer cAMP PKA CAMK GSK Glutamate - Correct answer A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory Glutamate is an ______ neurotransmitter - Correct answer excitatory Glutamate is a - Correct answer non essential amino acid Glutamate does not cross the - Correct answer blood brain barrier Glutamine synthesis - Correct answer converts glutamate and aspartate to glutamine Glutamine can not diffuse across - Correct answer cell membranes Glutamate receptors include - Correct answer G-protein coupled receptors and the ligand-gated receptors (NMDA, AMPA and kainate). Glutamate plays an important role in - Correct answer learning and memory NDMA is a - Correct answer glutamate and ion channel receptor NDMA plays a role in - Correct answer normal and abnormal cognitive processes When activated, NDMA serves as a channel for the influx of - Correct answer calcium ions into neurons
The influx of calcium ions into the neuron relies on binding of - Correct answer ligands - glutamine and glycine - to the receptor and depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane which causes magnesium to block the channel signaling between pre and post synaptic membranes occurs - Correct answer simultaneously NDMA and AMPA receptors mediate - Correct answer long term potential in hippocampus Excitotoxicity - Correct answer cell death resulting from the toxic actions of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate Excitotoxicity contributes to - Correct answer Alzheimer's Disease Huntington's Disease ALS Memantine treatment for AD dampons - Correct answer excitotoxic injury and slows down the disease process Overactive NDMA receptors - Correct answer lead to neuro degeneration, attendant memory loss Blockage of NDMA receptors can cause - Correct answer profound cognitive disfunction NDMA antagonist - Correct answer produce psychotic symptoms in healthy people and exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenics Ketamine and PCP - Correct answer NDMA antagonists glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia - Correct answer a hypothesis suggesting that schizophrenia is caused by the reduced activation of NMDA receptors in the brain GABA is an - Correct answer amino acid GABA is major - Correct answer inhibitory neurotransmitter
4 major dopaminergic pathways - Correct answer Mesolimbic pathway Mesocortical pathway Nigrostriatal Pathway Tuberoinfundibular pathway Nigostriatal pathway - Correct answer Dopaminergic, synapses onto striatal neurons. This is a mixed pathway, with excitatory effects on some and inhibitory effects on others associated with the function of motor control. Degeneration here is associated with parkinson's and involuntary psychomotor symptoms of schizo. Mesocortical pathway - Correct answer cognition, social behavior, planning, problem solving, motivation and reinforcement in learning. Negative symptoms of schizo (flat affect, apathy, lack of motivation and anhedonia) have been associated with diminished activity in the mesocortical tract. Mesolimbic pathway - Correct answer associated with memory, emotion, arousal, and pleasure. Excess activity implicated in positive symptoms of schizophrenia Tuberoinfundibular pathway - Correct answer Connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland Digestion, metabolism, hunger, thirst, temperature control, and sexual arousal Is responsible for dopamine-dependent prolactin inhibition. Antipsychotic action here cause an increase in prolactin, leading to galactorrhea, disruption of menstrual cycle, and sexual dysfunction. dopamine is synthesized from - Correct answer Tyrosine Vesicular dopamine can be catabolized by - Correct answer MAO MAOIs - Correct answer monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAO's are present in - Correct answer Liver and GI tract and degrades dietary amines such as tyramine and phenylethylamine
HTN crisis can occur if phenylethylamine is - Correct answer systemically absorbed. Patients must avoid foods that contain it. COMT - Correct answer catechol-O-methyltransferase DAT - Correct answer dopamine transporter COMT and DAT clear - Correct answer dopamine from the synaptic cleft In the midbrain, DAT plays a more important role than - Correct answer COMT In prefrontal cortex, COMT - Correct answer dominates Patients with 1 more copies of met allele (COMT genes) have greater concentrations of - Correct answer prefrontal dopamine Increased dopamine causes - Correct answer mania and schizophrenia Decreased dopamine causes - Correct answer Parkinson's and depression Norepinephrine is a - Correct answer monoamine Nor epinephrine (NE) - Correct answer the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system at the post- ganglionic organ-level (synapse) Nor-epinephrine cell bodies are located in the - Correct answer locus coeruleus (located in the pons near the 4th ventricle) Ventral collection of nor-epinephrine neurons projects into the - Correct answer hypothalamus and other CNS sites Dorsal collection of nor epinephrine neurons projects to the - Correct answer cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord Nor-epinephrine overlaps with dopamine in regards to - Correct answer synthesis and degradation
AcH plays a important role - Correct answer in central and peripheral neurophysiology 2 classes of ACh receptors - Correct answer nicotinic and muscarinic nicotinic receptors - Correct answer On all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle Excitatory when ACh binding occurs muscarinic receptors - Correct answer Cholinergic receptors that are located postsynaptically in the effector organs such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands supplied by parasympathetic fibers. Histamine receptors - Correct answer H1, H2, H Histamine stimulates - Correct answer wakefulness, suppresses appetite and may enhance cognition through excitatory effect on the brain stem, hypothalamic, and cortical neurons Histamine depletion affects - Correct answer short term memory Antihistamine side effects - Correct answer sedation, weight gain NDMA receptors - Correct answer are neurotransmitter receptors that are located in the post-synaptic membrane of a neuron. They are proteins embedded in the membrane of nerve cells that receive signals across the synapse from a previous nerve cell. They are involved in signal transduction and control the opening and closing of ion channels. Cerebral Cortex - Correct answer Gray matter inhibitory neurotransmitters - Correct answer inhibit the next cell from firing types of inhibitory neurotransmitters - Correct answer Serotonin GABA excitatory neurotransmitters - Correct answer excite the next cell into firing types of excitatory neurotransmitters - Correct answer Dopamine
Histamine Norepinephrine ACh
