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A 16-year-old girl is admitted for her first psychotic break. Her parents feel very guilty. What is your best nursing response? A. No one really knows the cause of schizophrenia. It is not your fault and is not due to anything you did in the past. It is important to understand this, to support your daughter, and to find support for yourselves. B. Does anyone in your family have schizophrenia, as this disease is known to be genetic? C. You may feel bad now, but there are so many other bad things out there, such as cancer and paralysis. D. Let me share with you some websites to help you deal with your guilt. - ansA. No one really knows the cause of schizophrenia. It is not your fault and is not due to anything you did in the past. It is important to understand this, to support your daughter, and to find support for yourselves. Reason: Schizophrenia has a multifocal origin and its cause may include a genetic component. Support is needed for both patients and caregivers. A 21-year-old patient has a diagnosis of schizophrenia and is stuporous, yet exhibits sudden, excessive motor activity with repetitive sit-ups. What is this behavior called? A. Delusional. B. Hallucinogenic. C. Paranoid. D. Catatonic. - ansD. Catatonic. Reason: Catatonic schizophrenia occurs suddenly and includes motor immobility or excessive motor activity. A 22-year-old female is admitted to the unit following a suicide attempt. She has a 2- week history of depression as well as a history of abusing multiple substances and anorexia nervosa. What is your first nursing priority? A. Socialization. B. Contracting for eating behavior. C. Safety. D. Administering the Beck depression scale. - ansC. Safety. Reason: Safety is the major principle underlying psychiatric nursing. A 22-year-old female was admitted to the mental health unit with major depression and suicidal ideation. She has a history of cutting her wrists intermittently throughout the last 2 years. On days 1 and 2, the patient stays in her room and eats only 20% of her meals. On day 3, she eats 80% of her meals and is talking to others in group. The nurse should consider that the patient is A. Showing improvement. B. Highly suicidal.
C. Exhibiting mood swings. D. In need of electroshock therapy. - ansA. Showing improvement. Reason: The patient improvement is based on increased socialization and increased appetite. A 35-year-old male patient has been brought to your hospital unit after making a suicide attempt at his workplace. Which of the following interventions can you legally implement? A. Call the patient's girlfriend and inform her of his admission and visiting hours. B. Physically search the patient for weapons and harmful materials. C. Call the patient's boss at work and report him as in need of extended medical leave. D. Place the patient in four-point restraints and begin an IV for sedation. - ansB. Physically search the patient for weapons and harmful materials. Reason: A suicide attempt is a serious and self-destructive behavior that demands searching for weapons and harmful materials to increase safety. A 48-year-old Hispanic woman is seen by a psychiatric clinical nurse specialist after receiving a call by her son. According to the son, since his father's death 7 months ago, his mother has lost 30 pounds and can't sleep. During her initial visit, the patient states, 'My husband talks to me in his visits, but his words make no sense to me. I don't understand what he wants me to do.' What is an appropriate nursing diagnosis? A. Ineffective denial. B. Bipolar mood disorder. C. Hyper-religiosity. D. Grieving. - ansD. Grieving. Reason: Grieving may be characterized by weight loss, sleep disturbances, and messages from beyond. A hypomanic patient tells you that she has been 'picking up energy from my car engine and car CD player' while driving and has received five speeding tickets in the past 6 months. What would be one effective intervention to avoid fast driving? A. Make a contract not to drive more than 55 miles per hour and drive with the CD played turned off. B. Call the local police and alert them to the patient's car license plate number and the make and model of her car. C. Ask the patient to "hand over the keys" to you, and tell her that now she must use a cab or other public transportation until your next session. D. Share with the patient that she cannot drink and drive. - ansA. Make a contract not to drive more than 55 miles per hour and drive with the CD played turned off. Reason: Contracts can see a patient through period of hypomanic agitation.
An angry patient is in the community room. She picks up a chair and uses it to hit another patient on the head. When you come into the community room, what should your first response to the patient holding the chair be? A. Are you crazy? Hitting people can hurt them! B. Hitting others is unacceptable. Please put the chair completely down on the floor. C. How would you like it if I hit you over the head with a chair? D. You're in big trouble now. It's probably prison you are looking at! - ansB. Hitting others is unacceptable. Please put the chair completely down on the floor. Reason: Use words to indicate your lack of acceptance of the patient's behavior in a nonthreatening voice or tone. As a nurse, you wish to reinforce functional behavior in your schizophrenic patient. Which intervention will accomplish reinforcement? A. Praise the patient for reality-based perceptions and cessation of acting-out behaviors. B. Educate the patient about the symptoms of schizophrenia. C. Facilitate learning about the importance of medication compliance using written materials for reinforcing medication use. D. Focus on the feelings of delusion to reinforce reality and decrease false beliefs by talking to the patient. - ansA. Praise the patient for reality-based perceptions and cessation of acting-out behaviors. Reason: Reinforcement by praise increases functional behavior. During a group session, one patient states that he will be released soon because he is superior to his therapist, who is a female. This is an example of which bias or prejudice? A. Racism. B. Sexism. C. Ageism. D. Neonatalism. - ansB. Sexism. Reason: Sexism is the belief that members of one sex are superior to members of the other sex. Gerald was admitted to the psychiatric acute care unit because he stood in the center of a main two-way street in his underwear and a T-shirt, shouting, 'I am being held against my will. I have personal rights.' Gerald was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, manic type. Which of the following interventions will add to everyone's safety in the acute care environment? A. Have hectic surroundings. B. Have consistent unit routines. C. Minimize staff interventions. D. Medicate the patient only if he has private health insurance. - ansB. Have consistent unit routines.
Reason: Quiet environments with consistent routines will help calm patients and add to safety. In an inpatient acute psychiatric unit, it is important to shut and lock the unit door behind you. A. TRUE B. FALSE - ansA. TRUE Reason: This behavior enhances safety. Once a patient is diagnosed with a major depressive episode, the primary nursing intervention should be associated with A. Safety. B. Pharmacology. C. Administration of gastric lavage. D. Hemodialysis. - ansA. Safety. Reason: Safety is the primary focus for an intervention, as 25% to 30% of depressed patients are at risk for suicide. patient is extremely agitated and is throwing body fluids at anyone who comes near him. What is the best way to protect yourself as you and others physically restrain the patient? A. Wash your clothes within 30 minutes of becoming soiled with body fluids. B. Wear protective eyewear and a face shield. C. Check that your tetanus and hepatitis B titers are within normal limits. D. Wear a gown over your clothes and shoe covers. - ansB. Wear protective eyewear and a face shield. Reason: Protective gear helps prevent infections that may gain entry through openings in the skin, the eyes, or the mouth. Patients who require close surveillance due to the potential for safety hazards give up the right of A. Continued confusion. B. Decision making. C. Social contact. D. Privacy. - ansD. Privacy. Reason: Privacy and autonomy are often given up for the sake of safety. Prolonged alcohol ingestion can cause disorders of the liver such as A. Pancreatitis. B. Hypomagnesemia. C. Cirrhosis. D. Colitis - ansD. Colitis
Reason: Urine and serum samples are toxicology specimens used to assess and monitor alcohol withdrawal. Which of the following is a common symptom of a major depressive episode? A. Loss of hearing. B. Increased energy. C. Hopelessness. D. Recurrent thoughts of well-being. - ansC. Hopelessness. Reason: Hopelessness, loss of pleasure, and a profound sense of sadness are symptoms of a major depressive episode. Which of the following is an example of a bite/sting that can cause a poison exposure? A. Butterfly. B. Grass seed. C. Jellyfish. D. Fly. - ansC. Jellyfish. Reason: A jellyfish sting can cause a poison exposure. Which of the following medical conditions has similar signs and symptoms as those seen in a major depressive episode? A. Pancreatitis. B. Cholecystitis. C. Tuberculosis. D. Hypothyroidism. - ansD. Hypothyroidism. Reason: Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include changes in weight, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, and difficulty in thinking—just like in depression. Which of the following patients is at risk for depression? A. A patient with history of diabetes mellitus. B. A patient with a depressive genetic predisposition. C. A patient who recently bought a puppy. D. A patient who had only 6 hours of sleep last night due to watching a TV movie. - ansB. A patient with a depressive genetic predisposition. Reason: Risk factors include genetic predisposition, a recent loss or trauma, and a feeling of sadness or hopelessness. Which of the following questions is appropriate to assess for disturbances in a patient's relationships? A. What are your main worries? B. Have you ever used alcohol or illegal drugs? C. How has your appetite been in the past month? D. What do you talk about with friends? - ansD. What do you talk about with friends?
Reason: Asking what the patient talks about with family or friends and what types of activities he or she engages in can help assess relationships. Which of the following questions is most appropriate to ask in screening for a potential problem of high alcohol intake? A. Have you felt you should cut down on your alcohol consumption? B. Do you enjoy getting smashed? C. Have you ever thought about killing someone? D. In the last week, have you had a glass of wine? - ansA. Have you felt you should cut down on your alcohol consumption? Reason: Screening requires questions associated with cutting down, feelings of guilt about drinking, and having a first drink in the morning. Which of the following statements indicates that your patient, who has schizophrenia, is ready to manage a relapse? A. I will think of a plan of action before I get these racing thoughts again. B. I will not drink alcohol and will exercise daily. This will help me stay well. C. If I start feeling badly and don't sleep very much, then I will tell my friend Sandy and talk to her. She or I will call my therapist. D. When I feel stressed, I will sit near my bed and wait to feel better. - ansC. If I start feeling badly and don't sleep very much, then I will tell my friend Sandy and talk to her. She or I will call my therapist. Reason: Managing a relapse includes a plan of action, involvement of a friend or family member, and, after identification of signs, notification of a therapist. Which of the following statements would indicate a depressed mood? A. I can't wait to go to the ballgame today; it should be fun. B. I feel sad today, just like yesterday. C. I feel like going to the gym for a workout today, then maybe to a movie. D. Since it's raining outside, how about a game of chess? - ansB. I feel sad today, just like yesterday. Reason: A subjective report of feeling sad or empty is a sign of depression. Which of the following symptoms of alcohol detoxification would you be most concerned about? A. Vitamin and mineral depletion. B. Diaphoresis. C. Increased heart rate. D. Hallucinations and delusions. - ansD. Hallucinations and delusions. Reason: Hallucinations and delusions can result in problems with safety and possibly lead to suicide.
You need to assess whether a patient who has a mood disorder is ready for discharge. Which statement would indicate readiness for discharge? A. Right now, I can't bathe myself or dress myself, but I feel good about that. B. Going home will be fun, but if it isn't fun, I can always make my mother help me or tell her to do so. She better help me. C. I will take my medicines as I should and know to call the number you gave me if I have bad thoughts. D. Taking care of myself is important, but it's okay if I don't want to do anything. - ansC. I will take my medicines as I should and know to call the number you gave me if I have bad thoughts. Reason: Verbalization of a plan for help and demonstration of care are realistic discharge criteria. Your neighbor's husband comes to talk to you. He says his wife has not left the house in 2 weeks, has a flat mood, and has lost interest in her usual activities. You recognize these as the primary symptoms of A. Depression. B. Schizophrenia. C. Suicidal ideation. D. Bipolar manic episodes. - ansA. Depression. Reason: Depressed mood and anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in activities) are the primary symptoms of major depression. Your patient experienced alcohol withdrawal syndrome and now admits he 'needs help.' Which of the following is the most appropriate resource to which you should direct the patient? A. Reach to Recovery. B. Alcoholics Anonymous. C. Depression support group. D. Suicide support group. - ansB. Alcoholics Anonymous. Reason: Alcoholics Anonymous is the most appropriate resource for alcoholism, although depression may or may not be involved in this case. Your patient has a diagnosis of schizophrenia and believes that his thoughts are broadcast from his head. What is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis? A. Risk for self-directed violence. B. Disturbed sensory perception. C. Impaired verbal communication. D. Disturbed thought processes. - ansD. Disturbed thought processes. Reason: Thought broadcasting and thought withdrawal are disturbed thought processes.
Your patient has an admitting diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. You receive a phone call at the nurses' station from a person who says he is the patient's minister and wants to know if the patient 'fell off the wagon again' and when visitation hours are. What is your best response? A. Yes, the patient drank too much, but he should be fine in a few days. Visiting hours are 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. B. We do not give out any information. Visitation hours in the hospital are from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. daily. C. Please pray for the patient; he is in bad shape. You can visit him anytime between 9 A.M. and 6 P.M. daily. D. Please contact the hospital's chief executive officer, who can give you the information you are requesting. - ansB. We do not give out any information. Visitation hours in the hospital are from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. daily. Reason: Patient confidentiality is required, and there is no way to verify the identity of the person calling. Your patient has been hospitalized for acute alcohol withdrawal. It is the fifth day, and he is having visual hallucinations followed by a seizure. What is the most likely source of the patient's problem? A. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD). B. A brain tumor. C. Sleep deprivation. D. Delirium tremens (DTs). - ansD. Delirium tremens (DTs). Reason: Delirium tremens occurs as acute alcohol withdrawal progresses. It includes symptoms such as clouding of sensorium, hallucinations, seizures, and autonomic hyperactivity. Your patient has just been physically cleaned up after slicing his left arm 8 times. To show an appropriate evaluative response, which of the following would be your best statement? A. I could care less if you cut yourself. It doesn't hurt me. B. If you wouldn't cut yourself, you would have a much happier life. C. You are lucky someone found you in time. Now you can help us make you better. D. The behavior of cutting is not acceptable. - ansD. The behavior of cutting is not acceptable. Reason: Focus on the behavior, not the person. Be neutral, but not indifferent. Your patient has just received his sixth electroconvulsant therapy outpatient treatment. He tells you that he plans to drive himself home because his wife is working at her part- time job today. What is your best response? A. Be careful and drive slowly. B. You need to wait 30 minutes and then you will be safe to drive. C. Let me take your vital signs; if they are stable, then you can drive.
Superman. I can do anything. I can fly home today and then become a U.S. Senator.' Which type of mania-related symptoms is this patient exhibiting? A. Social. B. Cognitive. C. Behavioral. D. Perceptual. - ansB. Cognitive. Reason: Cognitive symptoms include inflated self-esteem and grandiosity. Your patient is scheduled for a one-on-one therapy session. Upon his entry into your office, you note that the patient has a cough, is sweating, is coughing up a small amount of blood, and has a fever. What is your initial intervention regarding infection control? A. Wash all of the patient's sheets and clothes. B. Place a mask on the patient and yourself. C. Take the patient's temperature. D. Place resuscitation equipment in the patient's room. - ansB. Place a mask on the patient and yourself. Reason: The patient might have tuberculosis, so wear a mask, especially given that the patient is coughing. Your patient sees you at a preplanned postoperative visit 4 weeks after being hospitalized for acute alcohol withdrawal. Upon questioning, she states that her husband is abusive, so she drinks to 'drown out his yelling.' The patient also complains of depression and severe pain in the epigastric region that radiates to her back and has been constant since yesterday. She has vomited twice in the past 12 hours. What is your first priority? A. Refer her immediately for treatment of depression. B. Call social services and report spousal abuse. C. Assess her for pancreatitis. D. Administer a test or scale that assesses alcohol withdrawal. - ansC. Assess her for pancreatitis. Reason: Approximately 65% of cases of pancreatitis are related to alcohol. This patient is exhibiting the classic symptoms of this disease. Your patient, who is in a community psychiatric program, shows up at your home peeping through your kitchen window. You also noticed the patient yesterday when you went to the grocery story and the hairdresser. You believe he is stalking you. What should you do? A. Call the local police and report your suspicion of stalking. B. Call the patient's spouse and discuss his behavior. C. Invite the patient to have a cup of coffee with you at a local café to discuss his behavior. D. Wait until the patient's next group meeting to discuss his stalking behavior. - ansA. Call the local police and report your suspicion of stalking.
Reason: Stalking behavior needs to be dealt with by the police for your safety. Your patient's auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations are controlled with bimonthly injections of haloperidol (Haldol) that the community health nurse administers during home visits. You are the new nurse on this case; the previous nurse has retired. The previous nurse has stated in her care plan that the patient will let the nurse in the house only if the nurse carries a public health-issued blue bag and wears black pants. You are scheduled to visit this patient tomorrow. What should you do? A. Call the patient and tell her that you are a new nurse and will be wearing white pants. B. Show up as scheduled carrying only a stethoscope, vial, alcohol wipe, and medication syringe. C. Show up as scheduled with a police officer. D. Telephone the patient, introduce yourself, and show up carrying a blue bag and wearing black pants. - ansD. Telephone the patient, introduce yourself, and show up carrying a blue bag and wearing black pants. Reason: The patient needs her medication, and following the care plan is the optimal course of action.= How many decimel places, to the right of base - ansSix places --- .000 000 6.02x 10 = moving the decimel over how many spaces? - ans An example of a producer is what? - ansAlgae are producers that are found in a pond. At what temperature, pressure, and time was required to sterilize our TSA medium using the autoclave? - ansThe autoclave will reach 121˚C at 15 pounds of pressure. 15 minutes is required to sterilize a normal load (however if larger amounts of liquid are being sterilized, more time may be required.) Compare and contrast these three techniques by pattern of growth on the surface - ansStreak plates require dilution by flaming the loop after streaking each quadrant and only taking 3 streaks from the previous quadrant into the new quadrant. By doing this, each quadrant is more dilute than the previous quadrant. The 4th quadrant should always be dilute enough to contain isolated colonies. Pour plates have isolated colonies of bacteria evenly spread throughout the medium (not just on the surface, but all throughout the agar.). In the Pour Plate procedure, the bacteria is diluted in sterile "water blanks" prior to plating the bacteria and pouring agar over the bacteria. The bacteria sample that is dilute enough will produce isolated colonies throughout the medium (rather than just on the surface.) Spread Plate procedure is similar, to the pour plate in that the bacteria is diluted prior to inoculation on the plate. The bacteria sample is placed on an agar plate and then spread evenly across the surface of the agar (rather than throughout the medium). Compare and contrast these three techniques by where bacteria grow in the media - ansStreak Plate - bacteria grow only on the surface
Describe differences in the cell wall of acid-fast and non-acid-fast cells - anso Acid fast cell walls have a waxy cell wall - due to the Mycolic acid in their cell wall o Non-acid fast cells do not have the waxy cell wall - no Mycolic acid. Describe how to calculate the dilution, total dilution, and number of CFU's/ml of the original sample. - ansCalculate dilution by taking the amount added divided by the final volume (ie. If you added 1 ml to 9 ml, then 1/1+9= 1/10 (1 ml added, 10 ml was the final volume). Calculate total dilution by multiplying the dilutions - for example, if we diluted a sample 4 times - 1ml added to 9ml each time - then the dilution is a 1:10 of a 1:10 of a 1:10 of a 1:10. In mathematical sentences, "of" means multiply. So, 1/10 x 1/10 x 1/10 x 1/10 = 1/10,000. (notice that there are 4 dilutions of 1/10 and the final dilution has 4 zeros. Count the zeros in your problem and in your answer to check yourself.) CFU's/ml - The CFU's are colony forming units. Since we assume that one colony is the result of 1 bacteria cell which originally was inoculated on the plate (not two or more that were very close together), we call them colony forming units. The formula is: CFUs/ml = Total CFUs on the whole plate / amount plated x dilution 1. Determine the amount of CFUs on the whole plate. Many questions will give the amount on a 1/4th or ½ of the plate. That is not the whole plate. To estimate the amount on the whole, multiply by 4 (if 1/4th is given) or 2 (if ½ is given).
- Determine the total dilution. One thing to remember - if you plate 0.1ml instead of a full 1.0ml, your total dilution on the plate is 1/10 of your dilution. Unless otherwise stated, assume that 1ml of your diluted sample, was plated. Multiply the total CFUs/plate x the inverse of the total dilution. (The dilution is a fraction. When dividing by a fraction, you are essentially multiplying by the inverse of the fraction. Therefore, CFUs x inverse of dilution is another way to look at it.) Describe how to make a specific dilution (like 1:10 or 1:100). - ansTo make a 1: dilution, 1 ml of the sample is added to 9 ml of sterile water. This gives a 1:10 dilution because the dilution is calculated by amount added divided by the final volume. (1/1+ = 1/10) Describe the appearance of bacteria and capsules when using this stain technique - ansBacteria are surrounded by a halo of white (the capsule) with a dark background Describe the process of aseptic transfer from broth to agar plate - ans1) Flame your loop
- Hold broth at 45 degrees and pull off cap
- flame lip of tube
- obtain loopful of culture
- flame lip of tube and replace cap
- open plate and zig-zag loop (without digging) across the surface of the agar
- replace lid to plate
Describe the process of aseptic transfer from broth to agar slant - ans1) Flame your loop
- Hold broth at 45 degrees and pull off cap
- flame lip of tube
- obtain loopful of culture
- flame lip of tube and replace cap 6)pull cap flame lip of slant 7)insert loop and zig-zag up the butt of the slant
- flame lip of slant and insert cap Describe the process of making a wet-mount slide - ans1) Add the specimen to the slide
- Touch the edge of the cover slip with one edge of drop of specimen.
- Let the cover slip drop gradually to the slide, covering the drop of specimen. Describe the process of the Acid-Fast Stain - anso Smear bacteria on slide as normal (however, with Mycobacterium it is usually clumpy and will require a needle to separate the clumps in the smear.) Air dry. o Heat Fix. Let cool. o Apply Carbol Fuchsin dye to bacteria for 15 minutes over boiling water to steam the dye into the bacteria. Rinse with water. o Decolorize with Acid Alcohol for 30 seconds. Rinse with water. o Apply counter stain - Methylene blue for 1 minute. Rinse. Describe the process of the capsule stain - anso Smear as usual. o No Heat Fixing. Let it air dry. o Apply an acidic dye (like Nigrosin or India ink) in a thin smear - let air dry. Remove excess dye. NO RINSE. o Apply a basic dye on the stained slide for 1 minute. Remove excess dye. NO RINSE. o Blot dry. View Describe the process of the gram stain - anso Smear bacteria onto slide as normal. Let dry. o Heat fix. Let cool. o Crystal violet - primary dye - for 1 minute. Rinse with water. o Iodine - mordant - for 1 minute. Rinse with water. o Ethanol - decolorizer - for 30 seconds. Rinse with water (to stop decolorizing). o Gram's Safranin - Secondary dye (counterstain) - 1 - 5 minutes (depending on cultures and strength of dye.) Describe the purpose of a capsule stain - ansto view the capsule or determine if a capsule is present Describe the purpose of making a wet-mount slide - ansTo be able to see living organisms under the microscope in their natural state.
on the plate will mix different colonies together and not allow isolated colonies to appear on the surface Explain the use of the ampules (Bacillus stearothermophilis endospores) in autoclaving.
- ansThe Bacillus stearothermophilis is a spore-forming thermophile. Therefore it is difficult to kill with boiling and the temperature must reach 120 or more to kill this bacteria. If this bacteria is killed, then all other non-spore-formers that are not thermophiles, should be killed as well. The ampoule contains bromthymol puple - pH indicator. If fermentation of the bacteria occurs (resulting from germination of the spore), it will produce an acidic environment and will change the pH indicator to yellow. This visible result will clearly indicate that fermentation has occurred and that sterilization was not achieved Explain why alcohol washing step is critical to the Gram staining process. - ansIf no alcohol is applied, then all the cells will remain purple and no distinction between Gram
- and - will be seen. Explain why cells that are acid fast appear red and non-acid fast appears blue. - anso Acid fast cells will be stained by the carbol fuchsin and will appear red because they do not decolorize easily (not even with acid alcohol.) o Non-Acid Fast cells - will decolorize with acid alcohol and when counterstained will appear blue (from the Methylene blue dye.) o If only alcohol was used for the decolorizer, some non-acid fast cells would not be decolorized (Gram + cells that were non-acid fast would retain the dye because the 95% alcohol is not strong enough to decolorize them. To decolorize non-acid fast-gram positive cells, you must use acid alcohol.) Give examples of disease-causing acid-fast bacteria - anso Tuberculosis and Leprosy are caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium genus. Capsule stain How are microscopes corrected for chromatic aberration? - ansWith a special achromatic lens (corrected for red and blue light) or by using a blue filter. The lab has blue filters in their microscopes which also increase resolution. How is heat generated in the autoclave? - ansWater in the container is heated in a sealed compartment. The steam has no where to expand to and therefore pressure builds up, allowing the steam to reach 121˚C. Identify cells as Gram positive or Gram negative according to the color of their gram stain - anso Gram positive - purple o Gram negative - red/pink. Identify the following: primary dye, counterstain, and decolorizing agent. - anso Primary Dye - Carbol Fuchsin o Counterstain - Methylene Blue
o Decolorizer - Acid Alcohol (3% Hydrochloric Acid + 95% Alcohol) Identify the name and type of dye used to stain the background in a capsule stain - ansAcidic dyes stain the background around the bacteria Identify the name and type of dye used to stain the cells in a capsule stain - ansBasic dyes, like Maneval's, stain the cell of the bacteria. List the primary dye, counterstain, and decolorizer used in this stain - anso Primary - Crystal Violet o Counterstain - Safranin o Decolorizer - Ethanol 95% List two functions of a capsule - anso Anti-phagocytic factor - makes it difficult for a phagocyte to engulf and "digest" it. o Keeps the bacteria from drying out. Microscope- Coarse Objective Knob - ansmoves the stage larger distances to help get the object in focus Microscope- Fine Adjustment Knob - ansmoves the stage smaler increments to help get the object in better focus Microscope- Nosepiece - ansholds the objective lenses and rotates to change from one objective to another Microscope- Objective Lens - ansmagnifies the object. It is located near the object. Microscope- Occular Lens - ansmagnifies the image of the object from the objective lens. It is located near the eye. Microscope- The Condenser - ansfocuses the light ging into the objective lens Microscope- The Iris Diaphragm - ansadjusts the amount of light going into the objective lens nm= How many decimel places, to the right of base - ansNine places --- .000 000 000 Parfocal - ansParfocal microscopes are able to move from one objective to the next and still be in focus due to the length of the objective lenses Resolution - ansThe ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together. Steps in using the microscope - ans1) scanner power in place
- place slide of specimen stage in place with stage clips
