PSYC 388 Introductions to Counselling FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Athabasca University, Exams of Psychology

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PSYC 388 Introductions to Counselling FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Athabasca University

PSYC 388 Introduction to Counselling FINAL

EXAM STUDY GUIDE Athabasca University

Chapter 1 1. What did many of the first counsellors have a background in?

• Teaching
• Social Reformers
• Advocates
  What was John Krumboltz known for? Revolution of Counselling (1966)
  Moral Therapy Movement in France to Canada in 1850, promoted Best Practice
  What year did Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association come into play? 1965 Dr. Myrne B
  What does Social Work promote?
• Human Rights
• Social Justice
• Advocacy
  What was Eric Clearinghouse known for? Counselling and Personal Services (CAPS)
  Counselling is relatively new. What years did it come into practice / play? 1890’s and early 1900’s
  Today professional counselling focuses on?
• Growth
• Wellness
• Remediation of Mental Disorders
  What wars had a significant impact on counselling? World War 1 and World War 2
  What 3 psychologists were responsible for publishing the bulletin which was formed into the Canadian Journal of Psychology? Bolt, Humphrey and Liddy

Psychoanalytic Psychodynamic

What was significant about the late 1930’s? This was the time of WWII and counselling was available to select and classify military personnel

What was the importance of counselling in the 1990’s?

• 1992: Writing of multicultural competencies and standards by
• Sue, Arredondo and Davis
• which mainly applied to counselling people of color and then expanded to people with disabilities
• Counsellors became more aware of social factors important to development and maintence of mental disorders / health and contextual is. Factors including spirituality, family environment, socioeconomic considerations, impact of groups / group work and prevention.

What are some important concepts / points for counsellors?

• Counselling deals with wellness, personal growth, career and pathological concerns
• Counselling is conducted with persons who are considered to be functioning well and those who are having more serious problems
• Theory based
• Process that may be developmental or intervening
  What was significant about the 1980’s?
• Counselling became more diversified
• Mental health counsellors and community agency counsellors were developed
• Emphasis on human growth and development.
• 1st counselling section of CPA formed 1986
• Erik Erikson’s first 5 stages of human life development formulated and there was a growth around gender issues and sexual preferences
  Key Points of Counselling before the 1900’s
• Form most often in advice or information
• US —> developed out of humanitarian concern to improve lives of those adversely affected by the Industrial Revolution of mid to late 1800’s
• Social welfare reform (aka social justice), public education and various changes in population makeup influenced growth of profession
• Humanitarian concerns —> influenced early child and youth development
  What took place in counselling in 1900 - 1909?
• Mental Health Movement & Vocational Guidance Movement
• Vocational guidance was important for dealing with problems from industrial revolution
• Humane mental health treatment was also increased
• ** Frank Parsons and Clifford Beers
  Before the 1950’s what were the 4 main theories emphasized by counsellors?
  1. Psychoanalysis and insight theory - Freud
  2. Trait factor or directive theory - Williamson

3. Humanistic & client centered theories - Rogers
4. Behavioral Theories - Skinner

What was significant in the 1940’s?

• Canadian Vocational Guidance Counsellors began to replace teachers in the areas of testing and counselling
• Post-secondary counselling emerged after WWII

What was the purpose of the Smith-Hughes Act of It provided funding to support vocational education.

What were the 8 major subject areas counsellors should be knowledgeable to be certified on a national level of standardized tests as per the National Board for Certified Counsellors (NBCC) (1982)?

1. Human growth and development 2.Social and cultural foundations 3.Helping relationships 4.Groups 5.Lifestyle / career development 6.Appraisal 7.Research and evaluations 8.Professional orientation

When counselling first came into existence, what was its primary purpose?

• Child Welfare
• Education
• Vocational Guidance
• Legal Reform

CCPA stands for? Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association

What year did literature in counselling arise? 1931

Psychotherapy, especially analytically based therapy emphasizes?

• the past more than the present
• insight more than change
• the detachment of the therapist
• the therapists role as an expert

Counselling centres on the following? Development issues Overcoming specific problems Coping better with a crisis situation

2. Knowledge of self
3. Matching of the 2 2 through “true reasoning”

What was significant about the 1930’s? There was an increase in counselling due to the Great Depression. Employment focused

• Modified Parson’s Theory emphasizing teaching, mentoring and influencing skills (Williamson)
• Counselling based on scientific problem solving and empirical method

What took place in the 1970’s?

• Rapid growth of counselling outside educational institutions when Mental Health centres and community centres employed counsellors
• Opened human services for more interactions with girls / women, minorities and persons with disabilities
• Saw development of helping skills programs for relationship and communication skills

What are positive and negative effects of psychometrics?

• Effect: gave vocational guidance specialists a stronger and more scientific identity

• Effect: Distracted many specialists from examining developments in behavioral sciences (biology / sociology / anthropology)

What did schools see in vocational guidance work in the 1950’s-1960’s? Why? They saw a decrease in vocational guidance work and an increase in personal counselling as Rogers person- centered approach became wide-spread

What did Carl Rogers Publish in 1942? Counselling and Psychotherapy

• emphasized the importance of client, espousing a non-directive approach to counselling
• Emphasized giving clients responsibility for own growth

What is the definition of Counselling Psychology (as per CCPA)?

• Broad practice & research focus
• Promoting wellness
• Collaborative research & practice
• Prevention
• Overlap with other specialities
• Advocacy
• Multicultural approach
• Adherence to core values

In the 1960’s, humanistic counselling theories emerged by , & ? What was the emphasis?

Donald Arkuckle, Abraham Maslow and Sidney Jarard Emphasis from 1 to 1 to small group interaction

What new theories emerged in the 1950’s?

• Applied Behaviour Theories - Joseph Wolpe’s (Systematic desensitization)
• Albert Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy
• Eric Berne’s: Transactional Analysis
• Aaron Beck: Cognitive Therapy
• Learning Theory
• Self-concept theory
• Advances in developmental psychology
  What was Clifford Beers and Clarence Hinicks known fo They founded the Canadian National Committee for Mental Health Hygiene in 1918 which today is known as Canadian Mental Health Association
  What role did Edward Thorndike play? 1920’s He began to challenge vocational orientation of guidance movement
  What was significant in the 1920’s?
• Vocational guidance in junior and senior high school
• Development of 1st standards for preparation and evaluation of occupational materials. Along came new psychological instruments, such as Edward Strong’s Strong Vocational Interest Inventory (SVII) in 1927.
  What was Clifford Beers known for?
• Beers was hospitalized for mental health illness several times during this life for depression
• Found mental institutions were deplorable and exposed them in his book in 1908. Used the book to advocate for better Mental Health facilities and reform treatment of people with mental illness.
• Work influenced psychiatry and clinical psychology
  What was the importance of Lawrence Kohlberg Theory (1969)? There was more research in the area of enhancing moral development.
  Who is John Brewer? 1932 Wrote a book for every teacher to be a Counsellor and guidance was to be incorporated into schools as a subject

• Social Work
• Psychology
• Psychiatry
  Social Workers Professionals with some similarities to clinical psychologists but who typically obtain a master's degree and whose work emphasizes the social and environmental factors that contribute to an individual's problems 10. Four main attribution models used by counsellors (Kernes & McWhirter): Medical Model
• clients are not held responsible for the cause or solution of their problems,
• counsellors who adopt this method act basically as experts and provide services for change
  Describe the process of becoming a counsellor in Canada. Explain how areas of competency are developed for counsellors.
• Individuals will take undergrad, masters and doctorate (depending on provincial legislation) along with a practicum of supervised practice and ongoing education in order to continue to be accredited as well. Areas of competency are developed through experience, peer supervision, continuing education.
  Case Note skills for organizing and structuring thinking uses the acronym STIPS. What does STIPS stand for?
• Prieto and Scheels
• S: signs and symptoms
• T: topics discussed in counselling
• I: interventions in counselling
• P: progress (Client) and counsellors continuing plan for treatment
• S: special issues of importance regarding clients
  Who is John Holland?
• theory of career choice;
• Vocational Preference Inventory
• Holland code
• RIASEC
• 6 types of human personalities and work environments
• realistic
• investigative
• artistic
• social
• enterprising
• conventional
  Canadian Council of Professional Psychology Programs (CCPPP): represents the various... University psychology programs and psychology internship settings in Canada that train clinical psychologists, counselling psychologists and clinical neuropsychologists. All Canadian psychologists must posses at least a Master’s
  Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA) offers members access to...
• Professional journals
• an annual conference in Canada

• other benefits
• the CCPA encourages training and professional but they are not mandatory for membership.
  In what ways can counsellors avoid burnout?
• Associating with healthy people
• Working with committed colleagues / organizations
• Be committed to theory of counselling
• Using stress-reduction strategies
• Modify environmental stressors
• Engage in self-assessment
• Periodically examining and clarifying counselling roles, expectations and beliefs
• Obtaining personal therapy
• Setting aside free and private time
• Maintaining an attitude of detached concern when working with clients
• Retaining an attitude of hope
  Effective Counselling includes?
• counsellors are generally warm, friendly, open sensitive, patient and creative, consistently working on their own mental and health and strive to avoid becoming burned out and ineffective
• education, must become professional counsellor within counselling psychology or social work
• theory and systems, the why and how -> must master major theoretical approaches
• active in counselling related activities, keep knowledge up to date
• sensitive to others and self,growing as persons
  What are Generalist Human Service Workers?
• Paraprofessionals
• Are a second level of helping
• human service workers who have received some formal training in human relation skills, often work as mental health technicians, child care workers, probation personnel and youth counsellors
  Dysfunctional Motivators for becoming a counsellor includes (6)?
• Emotional Distress
• Vicarious Coping
• Loneliness and Isolation
• A Desire for Power
• A Need for Love
• Vicarious Rebellion
  Burnout A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lower performance and motivation
  Four main attribution models used by counsellors (Kernes & McWhirter): Compensatory Model
• clients are responsible for solving problems, not for causing them
• clients are suffering from the failure to meet their needs
• counsellor acts as teacher to provide education and skills
• drawbacks: clients may feel undue pressure having to resolve problems they did not create

What are functional and positive factors that motivate individuals to pursue careers in counselling and make them well suited for the profession (highlights aspects of personal life)? (S. Foster)

• curiosity
• inquisitiveness
• ability to listen
• comfort with conversation
• empathy
• understanding
• emotional insightfulness
  Who is Jerry L. Kernes & McWhirter?
• Counselors' Attribution of Responsibility, Etiology, and Counseling Strategy
• diagnostic decisions, symptom recognition, and predictions concerning treatment response and outcome can be (and often are) influenced by counsellors' explanations for the cause (or causes) of clients' presenting problems. (eg. if client is seen as responsible they are found to be to blame/if client is seen as problem beyond their control they are treated with sympathy)
  Every counsellor has his or her own personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Discuss how some of these needs might interfere with the counselling process. Which personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes might hinder or help this process? If a counsellor is very religious and a client is not, this can interfere by applying a spiritual perspective to a client who doesn't perceive in this manner. As well, if a counsellor tends to feel that everything that happens is the responsibility of the individual this can create a situation of blame and lack of empathy regardless of whether the individual is responsible or not. While a counsellor cannot be immune to their needs, values and beliefs, it is necessary to remove these personal biases from the therapy in order to be able to step into the client's shoes and understand their individual experience in order to encourage personal development and growth that is adaptive and beneficial.
  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- 4 - Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). How many axis? What is each axis?
• Axis 1: Most mental disorders
• Axis 2: Personality disorders (e.g., Antisocial Personality Disorder)
• Axis 3: Acute medical conditions and physical disorders (e.g., brain injuries, medical conditions that may factor in to axis 1 or 2 disorders
• Avis 4: Psychosocial/environmental factors (e.g., family problems)
• Axis 5: Global assessment of functioning
  What are qualities of an effective counsellor (Foster & Guy) (10)?
• Curiosity -interest in people
• Active Listener
• Comfort with Conversation
• Empathetic and Understanding
• Emotional Insightfulness
• Introspection -see/feel from within
• Capacity for Self-Denial - put another's needs first
• Tolerance for Intimacy
• Comfort with Power - accept with some detachment

• Ability to Laugh - see the humour even bittersweet
  In June 2001, and later amended in June 2004, the Canadian provinces signed to ease the interprovincial mobility of Canadian psychologists. Mutual Recognition Agreement of the Regulatory Bodies for Professional Psychologists in Canada
  What are the three levels of helping in professional aspects of counselling?
• Nonprofessional Helpers
• Generalist Human Services Workers
• Professional Helpers
  According to J. F. McCormick, what did he belief counsellors should do to take responsibility for rejuvenating themselves from burnout?
• refurbish offices every few years
• purge/condense/create new files
• evaluate new materials
• contribute to counselling via writing or presenting material
• develop interests outside counselling, don't take work home.
  Explain how burnout is identified. What are some of the factors that influence this syndrome? How can counsellors be proactive in preventing burnout? What interventions might be suggested to a counsellor experiencing burnout? Burnout is the state of being emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully. Factors that influence this syndrome is only focusing on work, difficulty separating professional and personal life, lack of social connections, etc. In order to be proactive, counsellors need to establish healthy boundaries, don't bring work home, participate in creative pursuits, be physically active, be an advocate. Interventions would be to cut back on professional responsibilities, make space for personal pursuits, etc.
  Compare and contrast the professions of social work, psychology, and psychiatry. Using a case illustration, explain why a client’s needs might sometimes be better served through a referral from one discipline to the other than by treatment from the first professional consulted (social worker, psychologist, and psychiatrist) (e.g., a psychiatrist referring a client to a psychologist). Provide examples for referrals to each of the different professionals. Psychiatrists work from a medical model and prescribe medications which may be a beneficial adjunct for treatment with behavioural therapy; while social workers operate within the health of the group to ensure a supportive infrastructure to support adaptive changes. A psychologist is beneficial for behaviour therapy and overseeing positive steps for change. For example, a person suffering from depression may need medication as well as cognitive behaviour therapy to address maladaptive thought processes while reviewing the social network that the individual operates in to ensure a more conducive environment for productive changes.
  Careers in Counselling
• prospects considered good because of above average retirement rate, wage considered higher than average
• CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS: work in clinics and hospitals
• COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGISTS: school, iniversities and community service orgs.
• SOCIAL WORKERS: mostly work in social service agencies and child welfare organizations., correctional facilities, employee assistance

Morality Judgement or evaluation of action

Law a body of rules of conduct prescribed by controlling authority and having binding legal force

Beneficence doing good and preventing harm

Non-maleficence not inflicting harm

Autonomy

• Independence
• Self-determination
• Freedom of choice
  Fidelity
• Faithfulness
• Honouring Commitments
  Justice Fairness
  Civil Liability
• one can be sued for acting wrongly toward another or for failing to act when there is a recognized duty to do so
• usually results in lawsuit from a client against the counsellor
  What are the Canadian Code of Ethics and Standards?
• Social contract Derived from: interdisciplinary ethics codes, international ethics codes, provincial codes of conduct, specialty code of conduct, ethics literature.
• Structure: four ethical principles:
• respect for dignity of persons
• responsible caring
• integrity of relationship,
• responsibility to society
• value statements
• ethical standards
  What are the 4 principles for ethical decision making?
• Respect for dignity of persons

• Responsible caring
• Integrity in relationships
• Responsible to society
  Confidentiality
• a promise to fulfill an ethical duty to clients in that info revealed during therapy will be protected from unauthorized disclosure (most inquired about ethical concern)
  What is informed consent?
• Client is informed of potential risks and benefits to ongoing work
• Keeping the client informed of important details regarding the service you intend to provide before it is provided
  Counsellor in Court
• most appear in provincial or territorial level court, can be there either by
• voluntary and professional (serves as an expert witness, compensated financially for time)
• court order (subpoena to appear in court, summons issued with intent of having counsellor testify
  Criminal Liability
• Two Elements needed for a crime
• The performance of the act (Actus Reus)
• Specified state of mind or intent (Mens Rea)
• Two elements must happen at the same time
• Two elements must cause harm to a person or property
  Cyber Counselling (Web Counselling) Therapy provided via internet
  What is competence?
• Psychologist expected to limit practice to areas they have demonstrated competence
• Stay up to date in new research / advancements
• Ongoing consultation and appropriate education and training
  What is impaired objectivity?
• Unethical to work or continue working with a client if judgement is impaired because of physical, emotional or mental conditions, including substance abuse or adverse side effects cause by pharmaceuticals
  Dual Relationships Double relationship, ex: being someone's psychologist and teammate
  Malpractice
• Professional misconduct or the lack of the requisite degree of skill as a professional.
  What is Negligence?

Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association Code is Based on:

• Respect for the dignity of persons
• not willfully harming others
• integrity in relationships
• responsible caring
• responsibility to society
• respect for self-determination
  Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA) offers members access to...
• Professional journals
• an annual conference in Canada
• other benefits
• the CCPA encourages training and professional but they are not mandatory for membership.
  Three codes of ethics relevant in Canada
  1. Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) Ethical Principles and Standards
  2. Canadian Sport Psychology Association Code of Ethics
  3. Canadian Psychology Association Code of Ethics for Psychologists
  What are Ethical Dilemmas?
• When an ethical issue arrives and the counsellor experiences anxiety, doubt, hesitation and confusion in determining their conduct
• Ethics most prevalent: confidentiality, role conflict, counsellor competence, conflicts with employer or institution, degree of dangerousness
  What is Ethical Reasoning?
• process of determining which ethical principles are involved and then prioritizing them based on the professional requirements and beliefs
• counsellors should take actions based on careful and reflective thought about responses they thing are professionally right in certain situations
  Relationship with supervisors?
• supervisors have responsibility to be ethical in their practice with supervises, including not discriminating or exploiting them -> expected to provide appropriate and competent supervision
  Violations of Law
• means you cannot attempt to obtain the registration of another psychologist, this regulation is about not engaging in fraudulent practices
  Aiding Illegal Practice
• Specifically about not knowingly aiding or abetting another persons misrepresentation of professional credentials or registration status, (e.g knowing someone isn't registered psych but uses the title you are required to take action)

Maintenance and retention records, what are they to include?

• notes from sessions with clients, must include

1. identifying info
2. presenting problem(s)
3. fee arrangement
4. date and substance of each session
5. test results
6. notations from consults with other service providers
7. copy of all test or evaluative results

PRINCIPLE based ethical decision making (6 step)

1. What are the key ethical issues in this situation?
2. What ethical articles from CCPA Code of Ethics are relevant to situation?
3. Which of the 6 ethical principles are of major importance
4. How can the relevant ethical articles be applied in this circumstance and conflict b/w principles be resolved?
5. What do my feelings and intuitions say?
6. What plan of action will be most helpful?

VIRTUE based ethical decision making (5 step) - goal is to do the right thing

1. What emotions and intuition am I aware of as I consider this ethical dilemma / what are they telling me to do?
2. How can my values best show caring for client?
3. How will my behav. affect other relevant ppl in this dilemma?
4. What decision would I feel best about?
5. What decision would best define who I am as a person?

Quick Step (3 questions you ask yourself)

1. Publicity: would i want this decision announced publicly
2. Universally: would i make this decision for everyone, if everyone made this decision would it be a good thing?
3. Justice : is everyone being treated fairly?

Law and Counselling, how do these relate?

• Law = compromise b/w people, law is supportive toward professional code of ethics, supports certification and liscensing as means of ensuring professionals meet standards
• allows profession to police and govern itself
• only time law overrides ethics is in situations concerning confidentiality

Privacy

• recognizes individuals' rights to choose the time, circumstances and extent to which they wish to share or withhold personal information

Privileged Communication