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PSYC 365, Chapter 1 Lecture Notes, Lecture notes of Psychology

Simon Fraser UniversityPsychology

Lecture notes for chapter 1.

Typology: Lecture notes

2020/2021

Uploaded on 07/14/2021

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Chapter 1
Welcome to Health Psychology
What Is Health Psychology?
●Psychological consequences associated with ill health have long been noted
○Health is better understood and achieved through a partnership between medical and
social science
○There are psychological consequences associated with ill health, as well as physical
consequences associated with many psychological disorders
●1970s: psychological principles applied to understand & improve health & health care
○Emergence of fields of behavioural medicine & health psychology
●Behavioural Medicine: a branch of medicine concerned with the relationship between health and
behaviour
●Health Psychology (1980): the application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and
treatment of illness as well as to people’s attempts to maintain health and well-being
Early Stages of Health Psychology’s Development
●Prominent topics in the field’s development:
○Behaviourism (N.Miller)
○Cognition and Personality (Krantz)
○Coping Styles (S. Miller)
■1:41 - anxiety level
○Psychoneuroimmunology (Cohen & Hebert)
Behaviourism - Neal Miller (1983)
●Traced development of biomedical perspective on illness to the germ theory -the discovery that
many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria.
●Two important developments
○First, the success of antibiotics brought about a change in the profile of life-threatening
illnesses, and lifestyle replaced infection as the number one killer
○Second, an emphasis on the techni- cal aspects of medicine replaced a consideration for
emotional factors in health
●Psychologists adopting a behavioural perspective believe that our health is affected primarily by
what we do rather than what we think
●Explained medical non-compliance by:
○Gradient of reinforcement - the gradual weakening of a behaviour the further it gets in
time from the reinforcement of that behaviour
○Delayed gratification - term used by behaviourists to describe a situation in which there
is a time lag between a behaviour and its reinforcement
Cognition & Personality
●Krantz & colleagues (1985) reviewed personality & cognitive factors in health
○Stress and cognitive restructuring
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Chapter 1 Welcome to Health Psychology What Is Health Psychology? ● Psychological consequences associated with ill health have long been noted ○ Health is better understood and achieved through a partnership between medical and social science ○ There are psychological consequences associated with ill health, as well as physical consequences associated with many psychological disorders ● 1970s: psychological principles applied to understand & improve health & health care ○ Emergence of fields of behavioural medicine & health psychology ● Behavioural Medicine : a branch of medicine concerned with the relationship between health and behaviour ● Health Psychology (1980): the application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of illness as well as to people’s attempts to maintain health and well-being Early Stages of Health Psychology’s Development ● Prominent topics in the field’s development: ○ Behaviourism (N.Miller) ○ Cognition and Personality (Krantz) ○ Coping Styles (S. Miller) ■ 1:41 - anxiety level ○ Psychoneuroimmunology (Cohen & Hebert) Behaviourism - Neal Miller (1983) ● Traced development of biomedical perspective on illness to the germ theory - the discovery that many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria. ● Two important developments ○ First, the success of antibiotics brought about a change in the profile of life-threatening illnesses, and lifestyle replaced infection as the number one killer ○ Second, an emphasis on the techni- cal aspects of medicine replaced a consideration for emotional factors in health ● Psychologists adopting a behavioural perspective believe that our health is affected primarily by what we do rather than what we think ● Explained medical non-compliance by: ○ Gradient of reinforcement - the gradual weakening of a behaviour the further it gets in time from the reinforcement of that behaviour ○ Delayed gratification - term used by behaviourists to describe a situation in which there is a time lag between a behaviour and its reinforcement Cognition & Personality ● Krantz & colleagues (1985) reviewed personality & cognitive factors in health ○ Stress and cognitive restructuring

■ Ways that stress could be reduced ○ Psychology of smoking ○ Relationship between cardiovascular health and behaviour ○ Eating disorders: biopsychosocial approach ○ Compliance : patient-physician communication ■ Led to a more in-depth study of the patient-physician relationship Focus on Coping Behaviours ● Rodin & Salovey (1989) focus on how people cope with all aspects of illness ● Coping styles - patterns in the ways people deal with difficult situations. ● Coping styles (S.Miller, 1980) ○ Monitors: information seekers ○ Blunters: information avoiders Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) ● PNI: study of the relationship between psychological state and immune system functioning (Cohen & Hebert, 1996) ○ Breakthrough tests of immunocompetence (- the extent to which our immune system is functioning properly to ward off microorganisms) ○ This advance made PNI extremely important because it provided an opportunity for health psychology to produce empirical proof of hypothesized relationships between mind and body ● Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1987) looked at: ○ Marital conflict ○ Caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s ● Baum & Posluszny’s (1999) review covered the following topics ○ Stress and coping (chapter 2) ○ Health-compromising behaviours (chapter 6) ○ Behaviours related to seeking and consuming health care (chapter 9) Summary of Early Stages ● Same general topics but expansion of approaches to study them ○ E.g., more cognitive approaches today ● Interventions integrate cognitive and behavioural theories ● Research is continuing and field is still developing The Birth of Health Psychology ● Changing profiles of illness and health in Canada. ● Leading causes of death: ○ 1900: acute, infectious diseases ○ 1950-2000: circulatory diseases ○ 2012: cancers, heart disease, stroke are the leading causes of death (in that order) ■ According to Statistics Canada

B. Prominent Theories in Health Psychology ● A. Motivational Models : based on the assumption that behaviour follows intention ○ 1. Health Belief Model ■ a. Response efficacy belief ■ b. -gain belief ○ 2. Theory of Reasoned Action ○ 3. Theory of Planned Behaviour

  1. Health Belief Model (HBM) ● A model that analyzes health behaviour in terms of the belief that a health threat exists and the belief that a given course of action will affect the threat ○ Assumes that health beliefs best explain health behaviours ● Predicts behaviour (above chance) based on a person's beliefs that... ○ 1. health threat exists ○ 2. given course of action will affect the threat (efficacy belief + cost-gain belief) ● There are two types of beliefs that influence the fundamental confidence you have that a course of action will reduce a threat ○ Response efficacy belief: the perception that a threat-reducing strategy will work. ○ Cost–gain belief: an individual’s assessment of the costs associated with a course of action (e.g., effort, discomfort, embarrassment, or inconvenience) compared to the benefit of the behaviour to the individual’s health. ● Applied to HIV, self-examinations, etc. Health Belief Model: Applied to Condom Usage
  1. The Theory of Reasoned Action ● A theory that behaviour is preceded by intention and that our intention is influenced by beliefs about the behaviour and subjective norms. ○ Assumes that behaviour is the result of intention, which is affected by one’s beliefs and motivation ● Two main sources of intention: ○ 1. Attitudes toward the behaviour ○ 2. Subjective norms - beliefs regarding what others think we should do and the extent to which we are motivated to go along with these people ● Our attitudes toward a behaviour are influenced by our beliefs regarding the outcomes that behaviour will yield and the extent to which we value that outcome ● Predicts (better than HBM) condom use, cancer screening intention, etc. The Theory of Reasoned Action
  2. The Theory of Planned Behaviour ● Behaviour is preceded by intention and that intention is influenced not only by subjective norms and beliefs about the efficacy of the behaviour, but also by the belief that one is actually capable of performing the behaviour. ○ Assumes health behavior is the result of intention ● Three main sources of intention: ○ Attitudes toward the behaviour ○ Subjective norms ○ Perceived behavioural control ● Difference from theory of reasoned action ○ The addition of the belief that the person is actually capable of performing the behaviour ● Helps to explain variation in intention and behaviour (e.g. teen alcohol use)

○ Conduct research (often in academic institutions) http://www.apa.org/journals/hea.html ○ Consult with health professional Chapter Summary ● Define health psychology. ○ Health psychology is the application of psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of an illness as well as to people’s attempts to maintain health and well-being. ● Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cogni- tive psychology. ○ Health psychology grew from behavioural and cognitive perspectives. The early focus was on affecting health-related behaviour. This expanded to include the relationship between people’s thinking and their health. Behaviour, thought, and emotion have all been tied to physiological processes through the study of psychoneuroimmunology. ● Explain why health psychology has grown so quickly as a field. ○ Health psychology has grown quickly due to the changing nature of modern health problems. Over the last hundred years, the main causes of death have changed; today more people die from lifestyle choices than from bacterial infections. As a result, a comprehensive understanding of health requires a multi-disciplinary approach that includes social sciences such as psychology. ● Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology. ○ The Health Belief Model analyzes health behaviour in terms of the belief that a health threat exists and the belief that a given course of action will affect the threat. ○ The f posits that behaviour is preceded by intention and that intention is influenced by beliefs about the behaviour and subjective norms. ○ The Theory of Planned Behaviour is similar to the Theory of Reasoned Action but adds that intention is influenced not only by subjective norms and beliefs about the efficacy of the behaviour, but also by the belief that one is actually capable of per- forming the behaviour. ● Describe different careers pursued by people who have studied health psychology. ○ Career opportunities in health psychology include clinical psychologist (requir- ing a Ph.D.), counselling psychologist, and research psychologist. Some people with advanced degrees in health psychology work in hospitals; others work in higher education.