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A revision paper on PSCI 2500 Midterm Exams. Consists of terms and its definitions to help guide you in the upcoming exams.
Typology: Summaries
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1. Explain the following jargons: ● Cognitive Dissonance : The psychological tendency to ignore contradicts between one's current ideas (cognitions) and new information ● Mirror Images : The tendency of nations and people in competitive contact to see each other as threatening. ● Enduring rivalries : Prolonged competition motivated by mutual hatred that causes opposing actors to feud and battle without resolution. ● State Sovereignty : No other actor is above the state ● Anarchy : A state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority or other controlling systems. 2. What are ethnic groups? Give three examples → Ethnic groups refers to people whose identity is primarily defined by their beliefs in ancestral nationality, language, cultural heritage and kinship. Ethnic groups are also known as Non-State Nations. The examples of ethnic groups are Native Americans in the United States, Basques in Spain, and Kurds in Iraq. 3. What is military power? → The armed forces of a nation (in a narrow sense) or in the wider sense, the capabilities of a group such as a fire team, squad 4. Who is Winston Churchill? → Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955 5. What is his famous role in International Relations? → Winston Churchill was an inspirational statesman, writer, orator and leader who led Britain to victory in the Second World War. He served as Conservative Prime Minister twice - from 1940 to 1945 (before being defeated in the 1945 general election by the Labour leader Clement Attlee) and from 1951 to 1955. 6. What is Communist Manifesto?
→ The Communist Manifesto is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
7. What is the Yalta Conference and when was it held? → The Yalta Conference took place in a Russian resort town in the Crimea from February 4–11, 1945, during World War Two. At Yalta, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin made important decisions regarding the future progress of the war and the postwar reorganization of the world. 8. What is communism? → Communism is a type of government as well as an economic system (a social system in which property and goods are owned in common) 9. Who were involved in Axis and Allied power? → Axis Power: Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II. → Allied Power: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union 10. What is R to P? → The responsibility to protect 11. What is dependency theory? → Dependency theory implies that global capitalism exploits developing nations. It makes it dependent on rich countries' exploitative trade and industrial rules. 12. What is the Marshall Plan? → The Marshall Plan was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide economic assistance to restore the economic infrastructure of postwar Europe. The United States transferred $13.3 billion in economic recovery programs to Western European economies after the end of World War II. 13. What is Blitzkrieg and who initiated it? → “Lightning war”, the term for Hitler’s invasion strategy of attacking a nation suddenly and with overwhelming force. German invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. Who was initiated by Heinz Guderian 14. Who is Archduke Franz Ferdinand? → Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary
→ Some of the most famous communist figures include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , who co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" and contributed to the development of Marxist theory. Other notable figures include Vladimir Lenin , who led the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and established the first communist state, Mao Zedong , the founding father of the People's Republic of China, and Fidel Castro , the leader of the Cuban Revolution.
21. What is the difference between totalitarianism and Marxism? → Totalitarianism: a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state. → Marxism: Marxism is a social, economic, and political ideology that examines how the ruling class affects laborers, resulting in unequal income and privileges. 22. Who are the non-state actors? → The two main types of international non-state actors are intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations. 23. What is international anarchy? → International anarchy can refer to the absence of world government, international disorder, or international order 24. What is a militant religious movement? → Politically active organizations whose members are fanatically devoted to the global promotion of their religious beliefs. 25. What is complex interdependence? → a concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the 1970s to describe how transnational actors become mutually dependent, vulnerable to each other's actions, and sensitive to each other's needs as relationships deepen. 26. What is the difference between post-structural feminism and post-colonial feminism? → Post-structural feminism challenges gender norms and highlights women's diverse experiences and identities. It challenges standard classification, examines how language determines gender, and acknowledges that power intersects with race, class, and sexuality. Postcolonial feminism eamines how racism and colonialism's long-term political, economic, and cultural impacts affect non-white, non-Western women.
27. What is the main task of the UN Security Councils? → The UN Security Council's main task is to maintain the international peace and security 28. What is liberal feminism? → Primary branch of feminism that seeks gender equality through political and legal reform in liberal democracy and human rights. 29. Who were “The Big Three”? → England, Russia, America 30. What city was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated? → Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 31. What were the impacts of the Cold War? → The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 32. Who founded the League of Nations? → Woodrow Wilson 33. What is détente? → An environment in which competitors can regulate and restrain their differences and ultimately move from competition to cooperation 34. What are two legal works of IGOs? → Provide legal expertise to an IGO’s dispute resolution mechanism or executive body (e.g. its secretariat) → Serve as a Legal Officer performing legal research, providing written and oral legal advice to the principal and subsidiary organs of the IGO, and minimizing its legal liabilities 35. What is totalitarianism and coup d'etat? → Totalitarianism: a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state. → Coup d’etat: typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership by force. 36. Who is the current UN Secretary General?