PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Architecture

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PREPARATION

FOR

CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1: BUILDING MATERIALS

LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION

Layout is also known as “staking – out”, which refers to the process of relocating the point of borders and property line of the site where the building will be built. Clearing, staking, batter boards, and determining the exact location of the building foundation and the wall line on the ground are all part of the process. Others define layout as the process of transferring the building design measurements to the site’s ground. PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION Construction - In project architecture and civil engineering, construction is the building or assembly of any infrastructure on a site or sites. The techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures, primarily those used to provide shelter. Construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species. Before starting to build, ensure that a Building Permit is obtained from the relevant local authorities. Building without the proper permit is deemed malpractice and penalized by fine, imprisonment, or both at the discretion of the court. Hereafter relocate the building site’s boundaries. It is recommended that the property line be relocated by a Geodetic Engineer, especially for lots with no existing reference point or adjacent structures. Following by removing any existing structures, trees, or others things that will obstruct construction work. Cutting trees shall be confined to those that will obstruct cutting to prevent further justification, penalty, or incarceration. Build and designate a place for laborers quarter, a construction office, a bodega for materials and tools, and temporary garbage disposal. Apply for a temporary electric and water supply connection. Electric current is crucial for the power needs of tools and equipment and is required on overtime schedules, particularly during the time of concreting. Water is also critical need in building if there is no source of water nearby, an underground water pump is an option. Build a temporary fence around the building site. The barrier will secure the items from both outside and inside pilferage. Order enough building materials for the week’s to be completed by the labor force. Inadequate supply of construction materials raises overhead costs. STAKING-OUT THE BUILDING It’s a good idea to follow these steps before staking out, moving the site’s property line and/or boundary point. Construction on the building is required. To locate the corners and foundations of a structure, stake-out involves driving stakes through batter boards, a structure for digging. Staking –out – is the process of relocating point of borders and property line of the site where the building will be built. Stake – are wooden sticks used as posts as sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or support of the batter boards.

beams and girder bottoms; 1-in. stock for floor panels and beam and girder sides; 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights; 1 or 2-inch stock for cleats. Shoring Assembly Instructions

CONSTRUTION TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Tools had been regarded as a partner of man’s quest for progress and survival from the early age down to the present generation. The mechanical advantages, accuracy, speed and efficiency derived from the use of the right tools and equipment has prompted man to continuously search for the refinement of old tools aside from the invention and introduction of new ones that would provide greater efficiency and refinement of work. From the early stone age to the present, tools have been seen as a partner in man’s struggle for advancement and survival. The mechanical benefits, precision, speed, and efficiency received from the use of the proper tools and equipment have driven man to always seek the refinement of existing tools in addition to the invention and introduction of new ones that would bring more efficiency and refinement of labor. Experienced builders agree that the use of the correct tools can increase the efficiency of building construction by 25% or more, in addition to improving the quality of the work completed. Different Types of Construction Tools and Equipment Tools and equipment employed in construction are grouped into four:

1. Hand Tools are fairly simple tools which you use with your hands, and which are usually not powered. Meaning hand tools are tools used for excavating the uses human power.
2. Power Tools is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools.
3. Equipment is a term that refers to large, complex tools and machines that is designed to do a particular job.
4. Heavy Equipment is equipment which is very large and powerful.

Claw hammer a tool made of steel carefully forged, hardened and tempered. Its sizes varies from 140 to 560 grams. Sledge hammer is a heavy hammer used to drive stakes into the ground and brek up concrete abs stone.

Brick Hammer is another type of combination

hammer which is used for dressing and cutting bricks,

stone or concrete and other driving operations

Pry bar is used to force open boards used in forming concrete. Crowbar is used for digging the ground and to remove the roots of trees in the ground, nails etc. Screwdriver is a tool for screwing or unscrewing the screws into different surfaces.  Standard screwdiver has s flat tip and is designed to fit a standard slooted screw.  Phillips acrewdriver has an X shaped tip and is used to turn phillips head screw only.  Spiral rachet screwdriver is that which relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force. Wrenches a hand tool with a handle and a jaw which may be fiited to the head of a nut used to tighten of loosen bolts.  Adjustable wrench is sed to loosen and tighten th enuts and bolts of any odd and regular sizes.

It is used for tigthening and loosening vaves, cocks, geysers, flexible pipes. Ripsaw has chisel like teeth designed for ripping or cutting with the grain of wood. Backsaw is a special type of handsaw that has a very thin blade and makesvery straight cuts such as those on trims and mouldings. Hacksaw is a tool generally used with both hands. It cuts materials like plastic pipe, steel rod, angle iron, sheets, iron pipes. It has a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame that is used for cutting hard materials (such as metal) Crosscut saw is used to cut the gain of wood.

Chisel a metal tool with a sharpened edge at

one end used to chip, carve, or cut into a solid

material (such as wood, stone, or metal).

a. Wood chisel is used to trim wood and clear away excess materials from wood joints. b. Cold chisel is used to trim metals. Nail set is used to drive finishing below the surface of wooden trim or molding.

Floats flat tools with a handle at the back usually

made of wood.

Shovel is used to dig the soil for foundation

trenches etc. It contains metal plate at the end of

long wooden handle.

b. Power Tools are those that employ power supplied by forces other that that coming from humans.

MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING

Structural System  The portion of a building that extends above the ground level outside it is called the superstructure.  The portion below the outside ground level is called the substructure.  The parts of the substructure that distribute building loads to the ground are known as foundations. The three types of substructures are: Slab on Fill – slab which rests on ground and not suspended. Crawl Space is in a building without a basement. It is an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height. Basement the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade. FOUNDATION BED Foundation Bed is refers to the soil or rock directly beneath the footing.Below-grade construction, such as footings courses, basement walls, and so on that made up the structure's lowest level. The natural material is the specific part of the earth's surface upon which the structure is built. Specific structure, such as pilings or piers, is used to transfer the loads of the building to firm substrata. The footing under a wall (Fig. 1.2a) is called a continuous spread footing. A slender structural member, such as a column (Fig. 1.2b), usually is seated on an individual spread footing. When the soil is so weak, however, that the spread footings for columns become very large, it often is economical to combine the footings into a single footing under the whole building. Such a footing is called a raft, or mat, footing or a floating foundation. For very weak soils, it generally is necessary to support the foundations on piles (Fig. 1.2c). These are slender structural members that are hammered or otherwise driven through the weak soil, often until the tips seat on rock or a strong layer of soil.

SITE INVESTIGATION

Site investigation can be defined as the process of investigating a proposed construction site for the purpose of collecting, assessing and reporting information and data regarding the site. This collected information is then used to generate a report detailing the physical ground conditions, topography, soil and rock properties and hazards that may present at the site. The architect is needed to gather as much information as possible before creating any design important data regarding site excavation and building erection at the project site in order to determine the character of the materials which will be met at the level of a foundation bed. For shallow work, an open pit is the best method to use because it necessitates a thorough examination of the undisturbed material across a large area. Borings Test can be used to evaluate the underlying material in excavations that go no deeper than the desired level. To help determine the foundation bed's safe bearing capability, loading tests are performed on the materials that make up the base. SOIL MECHANICS Classes of Soil a. Course Grained Soil is a soil with particle size in between 80 mm to 0.075 mm. Coarse grained soils have good compaction performance, strong permeability, high filling density, high shear strength, low settlement deformation, and high bearing capacity. It is a soil in which gravel and sand predominate. Coarse-grained soils are those least affected by moisture-content changes as most surface rain, etc., becomes gravitational water. b. Fine Grained soil is a soil with particle size less than 0.075 mm. The fine-grained soil showed high water content, high void ratio, high plasticity, and low strength. Individual particles are not visible by the naked eye. In addition, the strength changes with a change in moisture condition. EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORKING Excavation work in building construction is categorized into two types: the minor, and major excavation depending upon the size and nature of the foundation to be constructed. Minor Excavation Excavation is under this category are those constructions having independent footing and hollow block wall footing where the digging of the soil for the footing extend to a depth from 1.00 to l.SO meter and about half a meter depth for the wall footing. Under this type of work, excavation is considered as minor because it does not involve the difficulties of sheeting, bracing or underpinning except on rare cases where underground soil are too fluid or loose that small vibration creates erosion that cause damage to the construction activities. Major Excavation When the area of the construction site is big that there is enough space to accommodate working activities, storaging of materials and dumping ground for the excavated soil, problem is less due to the free movement of construction equipment. Under this condition, the necessity of providing lateral support to the excavation ground 'such as sheeting, bracing or underpinning is not necessary since there is no adjoining property to be protected

precast concrete modules and then filling the spaces with gravel or crushed stone. F. In order to create an abutment or retaining structure, gabions are stacks of galvanized or PVC-coated wire baskets that are filled with stones. G. Structures being retained. When a desired change in ground elevation is greater than the angle of repose of the soil, a retaining wall is required to hold the mass of earth on the uphill side of the grade change. PAVEMENTS Pavements - in engineering terms, a pavement means a man-made surface on natural ground that people, vehicles or animals can cross. Pavement Structure  Surface Course – is also known as the pavement. The layer in contact with traffic loads. It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, noise control, rut resistance and drainage. It protects the base and transfers its load to the base structure.  Base Course – the layer immediately beneath the surface course. It provides additional load distribution and contributes to drainage. Base courses are usually constructed out of aggregate.  Subgrade – which must ultimately carry the pavement load should be undisturbed soil or compacted fill. o Subbase Course – It functions primarily as structural support but it can also minimize the intrusion of fines from the

subgrade into the pavement structure and improve drainage. The subbase generally consists of lower quality materials than the base course but better than the subgrade soils. A subbase course is not always needed or used. Subbase courses are generally constructed out of crushed aggregate or engineered fill. Types of Pavements

1. Flexible Pavements are those which are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials. These can be either in the form of pavement surface treatments (such as a bituminous surface treatment (BST) generally found on lower volume roads) or, HMA surface courses (generally used on higher volume roads such as the Interstate highway network). These types of pavements are called “flexible” since the total pavement structure “bends” or “deflects” due to traffic loads. A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of several layers of materials which can accommodate this “flexing”.
2. Rigid Pavement the rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.

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