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LIGN 111 — Phonology UCSD, Winter 2010
Prof. Baković p. 1 of 2
Practice with distinctive features and rule writing
- Japanese rules (Problem Set 1)
Palato-alveolarization:
+cor
+del. rel.
+dist
+strid
/ __
+syll
+high
+front
(see p. 80 of the textbook)
This rule captures the change from stop to affricate in the case of /t/ without a sepa-
rate rule. But, as it turns out, /t/ → [ʦ] / __ [u] in Japanese. What might this mean?
Palatalization:
+c.g.
+cont
+high
+front
/ __
+syll
+high
+front
Labialization:
+c.g.
+cont
+lab
/ __
+syll
+high
+lab
+c.g.
+cont
place i
/ __
+syll
place i
- Zoque rules (Problem Set 2)
Post-nasal voicing: [–cont] → [+voice] / [+nasal] __
Initial nasal assimilation: [+nas] → [place i
] / # __
+cons
place i
Nasal deletion: [+nas] → ∅ / __ [+cont]
- Hypothetical language rules (Exercise 2, pp. 100-101 of the textbook)
Consonants Labial Alveolar Palatoalveolar Fronted Velar Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Stops p t
k
˖
k q ʔ
Affricates ʦ
Fricatives f s ʃ
x ˖ x χ ħ h
Nasals m n n
ŋ
˖
ŋ ɴ
Liquids:
Tap
Lateral
ɾ
l
Glides w j
Front Back
Vowels
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
high i y ɯ u
mid e ø ɤ o
low æ œ ɑ ɒ
a. [i, y, ɯ, u] become [e, ø, ɤ, o] before [q, ɴ].
[+syll] → [–high] / __
Note: [+high] doesn’t need to be mentioned to
the left of the arrow because mid and low vow-
els will simply remain [–high].
LIGN 111 — Phonology UCSD, Winter 2010
Prof. Baković p. 2 of 2
b. [t] becomes [ʦ] before [i, y, ɯ, u].
+cor
+del. rel.
+strid
/ __
+syll
+high
Notes: this rule applies to /s/, too, but it doesn’t
change it. It may be that the [+strid] change
follows from the [+del. rel.] change or vice-
versa; both are included for completeness.
c. [i, e, æ] become [j] before a vowel.
+front
+high
/ __ [+syll]
Note: [j] has all of the features of a high front
vowel, so only [–syll] and [+high] are needed.
d. When a member of the group [s, ʦ, ʃ] is followed by a member of the group [s, ʃ], the
resulting cluster is broken up by the insertion of [i].
+high
+front
/ [+strid] __
+strid
+cont
Note: the description of an inserted vowel
needs to be relatively specific since it is in-
tended to isolate one specific segment.
e. [n] assimilates in place to a following stop or affricate.
+nas
+ant
→ [place i
] / __
place i
Note: this follows the notation discussed on p.
89 of the textbook.
f. All consonants except /t, ʦ, s, n, ɾ, l, ʃ, n/ delete word-finally.
[–cor] → ∅ / __ # Note: rules like this are one reason why it’s
useful to have minus values for place features.
g. [l] becomes [ɾ] if another [l] precedes it anywhere in the word.
[+lat] →
+tap
/ [+lat] X __
Note: this follows the notation discussed in
footnote 8 on p. 101 of the textbook.
h. All unrounded vowels become [ɑ], and all rounded vowels become [ɒ], before [ħ].
[+syll] →
+back
+low
/ __
+back
+low
Note: the rule doesn’t mention [round] even
though the plain English wording does. That’s
because this feature doesn’t change.
i. [e] and [ɤ] become [ø] and [o] if a [ø] or [o] occurs in the preceding syllable.
+syll
→ [+round] /
+round
C
0
__
Note: this follows the notation introduced
much later in the textbook, on p. 154 (see foot-
note 10 on p. 101).
j. [k, x, ŋ] become [k
˖
, x
˖
, ŋ
] after [i, j].
+high
→ [+front] /
+high
+front
__
Note: the addition of [–round] makes this rule
seem less assimilatory, but it’s necessary to
exclude the high front round vowels.
