Download Portage Learning A&P1 Final Exam 2024-2025. Questions & Correct, Verified Answers. Grade A and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Portage Learning A&P1 Final Exam 2024-2025.
Questions and Correct, Verified Answers.
Graded A
Abduction – ANS Movement away from midline Adduction – ANS Movement toward midline Air (and not food) pass in which area? – ANS Nasopharynx Anabolism – ANS metabolic building of simple compounds into more complex substances needed by the body Be able to identify cell parts including the nucleus, ribosomes, nucleolus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the golgi apparatus - ANST Catabolism – ANS breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy Describe what is meant by muscle fiber "cross-bridges". What occurs to enable movement of the cross-bridges? – ANS In the presence of calcium ions, portions of a myosin filament called cross-bridges bend backward and attach to an actin filament. After attaching to the actin filament, the cross-bridges bend forward, and the actin filament is pulled along. The cross-bridges attach and detach some fifty to 100 times as the thin filaments are pulled to the center of a sarcomere. ATP is needed on a cellular level for the myosin to pull actin along.
During a muscle contraction which protein myofilament contains cross-bridges? – ANS Myosin Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F) - ANSFalse- (This process is called exocytosis) Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. - ANSa. Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries. Make up roughly 95% of alveolar epithelial cells. b. Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells. Make up roughly 5% of alveolar epithelial cells. Explain two reasons why a woman with low levels of LH would not be able to become pregnant. - ANS(1) LH acts on the ovary to cause ovulation to occur. (2) LH causes progesterone release to facilitate potential fertilization of the egg and pregnancy. Progesterone is a key hormone for the maintenance of pregnancy. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? - ANSThe upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the large intestine. - ANSAbsorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins; also defecation Explain why it would be harmful to have an increased secretion of ACTH in someone who is diabetic. - ANSACTH controls the secretion of cortisol from the
In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? - ANS(1)Lysosomes(2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules)(3) disability and deathIn the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - ANSFalse, peripheral proteins are found on the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane. Integral proteins span the entire length of the membrane List the facial bones - ANSEthmoid, sphenoid, zygomatics x2, maxillae x2, mandible, palatine bones x2, lacrimal bones x2, vomer, nasal conchae List the layers of the epidermis - ANSstratum corenum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport, and shipping of proteins. - ANSribosomes, rough ER, golgi complex Main blood supply for the skin is found in what layer? - ANSDermis, reticular region Mast cells secrete what chemical? - ANSHistamine Name the ailment: the pleural space fills with air, pus or blood - ANSPleurisy
Name the ailment: this condition results from fluid-filled alveoli - ANSPulmonary edema Name the ailment: this condition results in a loss of alveoli - ANSEmphysema Name the four tooth types from front to back - ANSIncisors, canines, premolars, molars Neurosecretory cells are a part of what endocrine organ? - ANSHypothalamus Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - ANSFalse- (This process is called receptor-mediated endocytosis or information transfer) Positive or negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs? - ANSNegative Skull bones - ANSFrontal, parietal, occipital, temporal T/F cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria - ANSTrue T/F the purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP - ANSTrue The posterior pituitary stores these two hormones: - ANSADH and Oxytocin The skull is formed by how many bones including facial bones? - ANS
What causes anemia? - ANSE. Lack of erythropoietin to act on the bone marrow What causes Tetany - ANSF. Results if PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium What does Boyle's law state about gas volume? - ANSGas volume is inversely proportional to pressure What is a dermatome? - ANSspecific segment of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve What is a pituitary giant? - ANSA. Overproduction of GH as a child What is a polar molecules typical means of entering a cell? - ANSFacilitated diffusion What is active transport? - ANSthe movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. What is congenital hypothyrism? - ANSC. Low thyroxin production since birth What is osteoporosis? - ANSOsteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.
What is oxygen's typical means of entering a cell - ANSDiffusion What is the bone-like part of teeth called? - ANSDentin What is the connection between the stomach and small intestine called? - ANSPyloric Sphincter What is the dorsal body cavity? - ANSContinuous body cavity that includes cranial cavity and spinal cavity What is the first part of the small intestine called? - ANSDuodenum What is the glottis and epiglottis? - ANSThe glottis is the true vocal cords. Epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing What is the name of the thin myofilament? - ANSActin What is the purpose of the hormone Ghrelin? - ANSIncrease hunger, decrease satiety What is the second part of the small intestine called? - ANSileum What must occur for a muscle contraction to stop? - ANSCalcium ions must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum What substance from the blood accumulates to form a clot? - ANSPlatelets
Which sensory cell receptor detects pressure applied to the skin? - ANSPacinian Corpuscle Which substance does the large intestine produce? - ANSVitamin K Which substance does the small intestine produce? - ANSSecretin Which substance does the stomach produce? - ANSPepsinogen Why would a patient with liver disease have intolerance to fatty foods? - ANSThe liver produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken down effectively. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a slower rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. - ANSThe larger cell. As a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The larger cell is less active because relative to its volume, its surface area is less than a smaller cell. In contrast, a larger surface area (relative to its volume) allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
