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PILATES ANATOMY STOTT FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is the 2 origins of Gluteus Medius? (IG) - Solution 1. Ilium: From Iliac Crest (Between Posterior + anterior Gluteal Lines) - Outer Surface
- Gluteal Aponeurosis What are the actions of Rhomboid Minor? (3) (RED) - Solution 1. Retraction
- Elevation
- Downward Rotation of Scapulae (Assists) Origin of Pectoralis Major Sternal Division. (3) SEC - Solution 1. Sternum to 7th Rib
- Cartilages of True Ribs (1-7)
- Aponeurosis of External Abdominal Obliques What is the origin of the Long Head of Triceps Brachii? - Solution Infraglenoid tubercle - Scapulae What are the actions of the lower trapezius? 4 IRUDE - Solution 1. Inferior Stabilization of Scapula
- Retraction
- Upward Rotation
- Depression
- Extension (assists the spine) Origins Rhomboid Minor (2) - Solution 1. C7 T1 Spinous processes
- Ligamentum Nuchae - Lower Part Insertion Middle Trapezius (1) - Solution Spine of Scapula Superior Border Origin Supraspinatus (1) - Solution Supraspinous fossa medial 2/ Action of External Intercostals - Solution Elevates Ribs during Inspiration Origin of External Intercostals - Solution Inferior border of rib above
Ventral - Solution Near Front of Body Opposite of Dorsal Anterior Actions Levatores Costarum Longis (4) REEL - Solution 1. Spinal Rotation to other Side
- Elevates Ribs during Inspiration
- Extension Spine
- Lateral Flexion of Spine Actions Gemellus Superior (3) HAL - Solution 1. Horizantal Extension
- Abduction - Flexed thigh at Hip
- Lateral Roation - Extended thigh at hip Actions Upper Trapezius (3) RUE - Solution 1. Rotation Upward Scapulae
- Elevation Scapulae
- Retraction (along w/ other Trapezius) Insertion Lower Trapezius (1) - Solution Spine of Scapulae Medial 1/ Serratus Anterior Actions (3) PUS - Solution 1. Protraction Scapulae
- Upward rotation Scapulae
- Stabilization of MEDIAL /vertebral border of scapula THORACIC CAGE along with RHOMBOIDS and MIDDLE trapezius Adductor Longus Actions (3) FAM - Solution 1. Flexion thigh at Hip (Assists)
- Adduction
- Medial Rotation Isotonic contraction - Solution CONSTANT TENSION in muscle as it changes in LENGTH. Can be eccentric or concentric. isometric contraction - Solution Generates Force in muscle with no change in length. Ex. Grip Strength Concentric Contraction - Solution Muscles SHORTEN while generating force overcoming resistance.
Protraction - Solution "Protrude" scapula, jaw or head moving anteriorly retraction - Solution "retreat" head, jaw or scapula move posteriorly elevation - Solution when jaw or scapula move superiorly depression - Solution when jaw or scapula move inferiorly upward rotation of scapula - Solution the rotation upwards of the scapulae when arms lift up, movement of tilting glenoid fossa superiorly downward rotation of scapula - Solution rotary movement of scapula medially and downwards. Tilting the downward glenoid fossa inferiorly. dorsiflexion - Solution - movement of top of the foot closer to the tibialis anterior bone. plantarflexion - Solution -movement of sole of foot down toward the floor. Ankle movement origin of pyramidalis (2) PP - Solution 1. pubic symphysis. 2. pubic bone pyramidalis actions (4) cest - Solution 1. compresses abdomen
- active in forced expiration
- supports abdominal viscera
- tenses linea alba transversus abdominis origins (4) RITI - Solution 1) Ribs - lowest 6
- Inguinal ligament - lateral 1/
- Thoracolumbar facscia
- Iliac Crest - Ilium - Ant 2/3 - inner lip transverus abdominis actions (2) CF - Solution 1) Constricts abdominal viscera
- Forced Expiration (assists) serratus posterior superior origins (2) SL - Solution 1. Spinous processes - C7-T
- Ligamentum nuchae - lower part
serratus posterior superior insertion (1) - Solution Ribs 2-5 - superior borders distal to angles serratus posterior superior - actions (2) - Solution 1. elevates ribs during inspiration
- muscle of respiration serratus posterior inferior origins (2) - Solution 1. Thoracolumbar fascia
- Spinous processes of t11-l serratus posterior inferior insertion (1) - Solution lowest 4 ribs. inferior borders just beyond angles serratus posterior inferior actions (2) - Solution 1. assists in respiration
- counters the pull of the diaphragm by drawing the ribs inferiorly and posteriorly ideal alignment of head - posterior view - Solution neutral. neither tilted nor rotated ideal posterior alignment cervical spine - Solution straight ideal posterior alignment of shoulders - Solution level not elevated or depressed ideal posterior of scapulae (3) - Solution 1.neutral.
- medial borders parallel
- to 4 inches apart. ideal posterior alignment of thoracic and lumbar spine - Solution straight ideal posterior alignment of pelvis (2) - Solution 1. Level.
- both posterior superior iliac spines in same transverse plane ideal posterior alignment of hip joints (2) - Solution 1. Neutral
- Neither adducted or abducted ideal posterior alignment of lower extremities (2) - Solution 1. Straight
- Neither bow legged ( genu varum)
What are the inverters? (3) - Solution 1. Tibialis Posterior
- Flexor Hallucis Longus
- Flexor Digitorum Longus What are the everters (2) PP - Solution 1. Peroneus Longus
- Peroneus Brevis ideal head alignment - side view - Solution through ear lobe ideal cervical spine alignment - side view - Solution through bodies of cervical vertebrae ideal trunk alignment - side view - Solution midway through trunk ideal alignment hips - side view - Solution through greater trochanter of femur ideal alignment knees - side view - Solution anterior to midline through knee ideal alignment - feet - side view - Solution anterior to lateral malleolus anatomical structures line of reference - head - side view (2) - Solution 1. posterior to apex of coronal suture
- through external auditory meatus anatomical structures lor - cervical spine - side view - - Solution C odontoid process of axis anatomical structures LOR - lumbar spine - side view - Solution through bodies of lumbar vertebrae anatomical structures LOR - Sacrum - Solution through sacral promontory anatomical structures - LOR - Knee Joint - Solution anterior to axis of knee joint anatomical structures - LOR - foot - Solution through calcaneocuboid joint
Ideal Posture - Side View - Head - Solution Neutral, neither tilted forward or back ideal posture - side view - cervical spine - Solution normal curve, slightly convex anterior ideal posture - side view - scapulae - Solution lie flat against upper back ideal posture - side view - thoracic spine - Solution normal curve, convex posterior ideal posture - side view - pelvis (2) - Solution 1) neutral
- ASIS on same plane as PUBIC SYMPHYSIS ideal posture - side view - hip joints (2) - Solution neutral, neither flexed nor extended ideal posture knee joints - side view - Solution neutral, neither flexed nor hyper extended ideal posture ankle joints - side view (2) - Solution 1) neutral.
- leg vertical at right angle to sole of foot Which muscles work in opposition from the side view? Anteriorly - Solution
- Abdominals ( Rectus Abdominis and External Obliques Pull Up)
- Hip Flexors (Psoas Major and Iliacus) pull Pelvis downwards) Which muscles work in opposition from side view? Posteriorly? - Solution
- Back Extensors Pull UP
- Hip Extensors (Glut max + Hamstrings pull down) What muscles from side view work to tilt pelvis posteriorly? (2) - Solution Hip Extensors ( Glut Max + Hamstrings) Anterior Abdominals ( Rectus + Ext Obliques) What muscles from side view work to tilt pelvis anteriorly? (2) - Solution 1. Hip Flexors ( Iliacus + Iliopsoas)
- Back Extensors ( Low back)
what are opposing muscles of the trunk - rotary - Solution muscles that produce clockwise rotation oppose muscles that produce counter clockwise rotation What are the 2 main groups of muscles in anterior posterior opposition with the pelvis? UPWARD PULL? (AB ) - Solution 1. Erector Spinae, Quadratus Lumborum + Other posterior back muscles attached to posterior part of pelvis (Posteriorly)
- Anterior abdominals (Rectus abdominis with its insertion on pubic symphysis and External Obliques with attachment on iliac crest) (AnteriorlY) What are the 2 main groups that pull the pelvis down? - Solution 1. Hip Extensors ( Hamstrings, Glut Max ) with attachments on posterior Ilium, sacrum and ischium (Posteriorly)
- Hip Flexors ( 1. Sartorius 2. Rectus Femoris , 3. Tensor Fasciae Latae) Anteriorly What is the origin of levatores costarum breves? - Solution Outer surface of the rib immediately below of origin Between angle and tubercle actions of internal intercostals - Solution depresses ribs during expiration diaphram insertion - Solution Central tendon. Oblong sheet forms summit of dome What is the origin of the diaphragm? - Solution entire inner surface of body wall in an approximate circular line. 3 parts: Sternal, Costal, Lumbar What is the origin of diaphragm - lumbar division (3 parts) - Solution 1. Medial + Lateral arcuate ligaments
- Right + Left Cruar
- of the ANTEROLATERAL SURFACES of bodies and discs of vertebrae L1-L What is the origin of diaphragm costal division CRT - Solution 1. cartilages
- lowest 6 ribs - adjacent portions/ either side
- interdigitates with TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS what are the actions of the diaphragm? (2) - Solution 1. Principal muscle of respiration
- Draws central tendon DOWN during Quiet Inspiration, pressing against abdominal viscera. What is the origin of the internal obliques (2) IT - Solution 1. Iliac Crest - Middle 1/3 of Middle Line
- Thoracolumbar fascia What are the 4 Bilateral actions of External Ab Obliques? FAAF - Solution
- Flexion of Trunk anteriorly
- Anterior Support to Spinal Column - compressing + supporting abdominal viscera
- Anterior Stabilization to PELVIS - decreasing Lordosis
- Forced Expiration (assists) Insertion of External Obliques (3) ILI - Solution 1. Inguinal Ligament
- Linea Alba by broad aponeurosis ribs to pubic crest
- Iliac Crest - Anterior 1/2 of outer lip - Ilium Origin of External Obliques (2) RT - Solution 1. Ribs 5-12 ( external surfaces and inferior borders)
- tendinous discs that interdigitate with LATISSIMUS DORSI + SERRATUS ANTERIOR Actions of rectus abdominis FLSOP - Solution TRUNK
- Flexion - VC
- Lateral Flexion - VC STANDING
- support - Lumbar Spine anterior
- support - organs anteriorly
- support - Pelvis. Prevents anterior tilt/ lumbar lordosis with help of GLUT MAX + Hamstrings Sternocliedomastoid - Actions (3) - Solution 1. bilaterally - flexes head Unilaterally
- lateral flexion
- rotation opposite side
beside Serratus Anterior attachment Scalenus posterior - Origin - Solution C4 - C6 - Posterior tubercle of transverse processes Quadratus Lumborum - Actions (2) LI - Solution 1. Lateral Flexion - VC
- Assists Diaphragm w/ Inspiration Quadratus Lumborum - Origin (2) II - Solution 1. Iliolumbar Ligament
- Iliac Crest - Posterior portion Splenius cervicis actions (3) LER - Solution Bilaterally
- Lateral Flexion Unilaterally
- Extension of head + cervical spine
- Rotation - same side Splenius capitis origin (2) MS - Solution 1. Mastoid process - Temporal Bone
- Superior Nuchal Line - Lateral 1/ Splenius Capitis - Origin (2) CL - Solution 1. C7-T3 Spinous processes
- Ligamentum Nuchae - inferior half Spinalis - cervicis actions (2) - Solution 1. Bilaterally - Extension of Spine
- Unilaterally - Lateral Flexion Spinalis cervicis - insertion - Solution Spinous process of C2 - Axis, sometimes C3, C Spinalis Cervicis - origin 2. - Solution 1. Spinous processes of C7, Sometimes T1 + T
- Ligamentum Nuchae - lower part Spinalis thoracis - insertion - Solution 1. T4-T8 Spinous Processes (Tricky on card - because shows more) Spinalis thoracis - Origin - Solution T11- L2 Spinous processes
Longissimus capitis - insertion - Solution Mastoid process - Temporal bone
- Posterior Margin Longissimus capitis - origin (2) - Solution 1) C4-C7 - Articular processes
- T1-T5 -Transverse processes (Tricky because card looks like T6) longissimus cervicis - insertion - Solution insertion C2-C6 - transverse processes + Sometimes Atlas C (Tricky - card it shows C1) longissimus cervicis - origin - Solution origin T1-T5- Transverse processes iliocostalis cervicis - insertion - Solution C4-c posterior tubercles
- transverse processes iliocostalis cervicis - origin - Solution Ribs -3,4,
- superior border of angles iliocostalis thoracis - insertion CA - Solution 1. C7 Vertebrae - transverse process
- Upper 6-7 Ribs - angles iliocostalis throacis - origins - Solution 1. Lowest 6 RIBS - superior border of angles
- Medial to TENDONS of insertion of iliocostalis lumborum Iliocostalis Lumborum Insertion - Solution Lowest 6 or 7 ribs - inferior borders - ANGLES iliocostalis lumborum - Origins (3) TIT - Solution 1. Tendon - Broad and thick tendon from anterior surface of Sacrum
- Iliac Crest - Middle Lip
- T11 +T12 + Lumbar Vertebrae- Spinous processes Semispinalis capitis - insertion - Solution Occipital bone- between superior and inferior nuchal lines. Semispinalis capitis - origins (2) - Solution 1. C4-C6 - Articular processes
Rotatores Longus - Origin - Solution Transverse processes of vertebrae Rotatores Longus - Definition - Solution Series of small muscles extending from sacrum to axis Rotatores Brevis - Actions (2) CE - Solution BI:
- Extension - Spine
- Rotation - Opp Side Contralateral Rotatores Brevis (Insertion) - Solution Bases of Spinous processes Lamina of the first vertebrae above Rotatores Brevis Insertion - Solution Transverse processes of all vertebrae Rotatores Brevis Definition - Solution small series of muscles extending from Sacrum to AXIS Intertransversarii - definition - Solution - small series - pairs of muscles - either side of spine
- anterior and posterior
- join by transverse processes of ADJACENT vertebrae
- extend from C1-T
- T10-L Actions - Intertransversarii (1) - Solution UNI Lateral Flexion Obliques capitis superior - origin - Solution C1 Atlas - Transverse processes - superior surface Obliques capitis superior - insertion - Solution Between Superior + Inferior Nuchal lines - OCCIPITAL BONE. Lateral to insertion of SEMISPINALIS CAPITIS Obliques Capitis Superior - Actions (2) - Solution BI
- Extension of head @ neck
UNI
- Lateral Flexion @ neck obliques capitis inferior - insertion (2) - Solution Insertion
- Transverse Processes of C1 Atlas
- Inferior -Dorsal surface obliques capitis inferior - Origin - Solution Spinous process of C2 Axis ( at the apex) obliques capitis inferior - action - Solution Rotates Atlas, turning face to same side rectus capitis posterior major - actions (2) - Solution 1. Bi - extension
- Uni - Rotates same side rectus capitis posterior major insertion (2) (IS) - Solution 1. Inferior Nuchal line - lateral part of occipital bone
- Surface of bone immediately inferior to nuchal line rectus capitis posterior minor - insertion (2) - IF - Solution 1. Inferior nuchal line - medial part of occipital bone
- Surface of bone between nuchal line and FORAMEN MAGNUM rectus capitis posterior minor - origin - Solution C1 - Atlas - TUBERCLE on posterior arch rectus capitis anterior - actions - Solution assists flexion of head rectus capitis anterior - Insertion (2) BO - Solution insertion
- Inferior surface of basilar portion / occipital bone
- anterior to occipital condyles ( in front of) rectus capitis anterior origins (2) - LR - Solution origin Atlas C
- Lateral Mass - Anterior surface
- Transverse process - Root rectus capitis lateralis - action - Solution Assists Lateral flexion - head
longus colli - insertion - superior oblique part (2) - Solution 1. Anterior tubercle,
- anterolateral surface on anterior tubercle of C1 Atlas longus colli - origin - superior oblique part - Solution C3-C5 - anterior tubercles of transverse processes Kyphosis-Lordosis Posture - Cervical Spine from Side - Solution Hyperextended Kyphosis-Lordosis Posture - Lumbar spine - Solution Hyperextended Kyphosis-Lordosis - Ankles - Solution Slight Plantarflexion because of backward inclination of leg. What is short and strong in Kyphosos-Lordosis? - Solution 1. Neck Extensors
- Hip Flexors
- Low Back (May/may not develop shortness) What's elongated and weak in Kyphosis-Lordosis? NHERE - Solution 1. Neck Flexors
- Hamstrings (May or may not be weak)
- Erector Spinae
- Rectus Abdominis (not nec. elongated because depressed chest, offsets anterior pelvic tilt)
- External Abdominal Obliques Why is hip flexor tightness more prevalent than low back tightness in Kyphotic Lordotic posture? - Solution - Lordotic posture, puts hip flexors in shortened position when standing and sitting
- When sitting ,low back flattens. Cervical position - Sway Back - Solution Slightly Extended Thoracic Spine - Sway Back - Solution Increased flexion Long Kyphosis posterior displacement of upper trunk
Lumbar Spine - Sway Back - Solution Flexion/ Flattening of lower lumbar area Hip Joints - Sway Back - Solution Hyper extended with anterior displacement of pelvis Knee joints - Sway Back - Solution Hyper extended Muscles that do contralateral rotation (7) MRS.SELS - Solution 1. Multifidus
- Rotatores (Longus & Brevis)
- Scalenus (Anterior, Medius, Posterior)
- External Obliques
- Levatores Costarum Longis + Breves
- Sternocleidomastoid Origin - Pronator Teres (2) MC - Solution HUMERAL HEAD
- Common Flexor Tendon - Medial epicondyle of Humerus ULNAR HEAD
- Coronoid Process - Ulna Medial Aspect Insertion - Pronator Teres - Solution insertion Radius - Middle 1/3 of Lateral Surface Actions - Pronator Teres - PR - Solution 1. Pronates forearm
- Flexes Elbow @Forearm Supinator - Origins (4) - LARS - Solution 1. Lateral epicondyle - Humerus
- Annular ligament - radius
- Radial collateral ligament - Elbow
- Supinator Crest - Ulna Supinator - Insertion - Solution insertion Radius
- Upper 1/
- Oblique Line - Lateral/ Anterior Surface Anconeus - Origin - Solution Humerus - Lateral epicondyle
