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PHIL 105 Exam 4 Latest Graded A+ composition argument - correct answer assigns a certain property to a whole based on the fact that each part of the whole has this property composition fallacy - correct answer this property does not necessarily transfer from the parts to the whole division argument - correct answer transfers a property or fact from the whole to each of its parts. division fallacy - correct answer does not necessarily transfer from the whole to the parts. dichotomy - correct answer disjunctive (either-or) statement with exactly two disjuncts. false dichotomy - correct answer disjunction in which both disjuncts are false.
false trichotomies - correct answer false disjunctions with three disjuncts. false dichotomy fallacy - correct answer derives a conclusion starting from a false dichotomy. ad hominem - correct answer directed at a person, as opposed to being directed at that person's arguments. Abusive ad hominems - correct answer involve name-calling and other insults ad hominem argument - correct answer an argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue has ad hominem as a premise Tu Quoque - correct answer amounts to accusing someone of hypocrisy Straw man - correct answer a deliberately distorted version of what someone has actually said
- When 2 people argue on a topic, however apply the main word or term in different ways or define it in 2 separate meanings substantive - correct answer Both arguers agree on the meaning of the term, however still disagree on the main point or argument default position - correct answer is the position that, for any of various reasons, we think it's best or most rational to adopt until someone can prove it's wrong Who Bears the Burden of Proof - correct answer 1. The burden of proof should be placed on the party that makes the more extraordinary (improbable) claim.
- The burden of proof should be placed on the party best able to discharge it.
- The burden of proof should be placed on whichever party it's safest to place it on.
- The burden of proof should be placed on whichever party it's most ethical to place it on. standard of proof - correct answer refers to just how much evidence we'll require in order to abandon the default position arguing over semantics - correct answer argument of the meaning of the word or how is is used agnosticism - correct answer taking no position Rhetoric - correct answer the art of persuasion Red herring - correct answer intentionally trying to distract people from the real issue.
Moving the goalpost - correct answer involves demanding that your opponent do something or other to convince you of his view, and then, when he manages to do it, changing the requirement to something else. Hiding the goalpost involves refusing to tell your opponent what it would take to convince you, even when you know what it would take. And setting the bar unrealistically high means using an unreasonably strict standard of proof. Cherry-picking - correct answer the facts means focusing only on facts that support your view and purposely ignoring any that don't. Argument by befuddlement - correct answer involves using (without explaining) lots of jargon that you know the other party won't understand, merely to intimidate the person into silence.
Obscurantism - correct answer involves being deliberately vague in describing your view or your argument, just so that no one can pin down what you mean, and thereby insulate yourself from specific criticisms. Theatrics - correct answer involves using derisive gestures such as eye-rolling, sighing, shaking your head, smirking, etc. in order to belittle the other party. Sloganeering - correct answer involves merely repeating some popular saying or a credo over and over as a substitute for making a reasoned argument. Employing a double standard - correct answer involves not holding yourself to the same standards of proof and good argument to which you hold your opponent. Retreating to skepticism - correct answer involves taking up a view on which nobody really knows anything, just in order to avoid admitting you have no good arguments to
dodging the question - correct answer finding some way to avoid answering it, merely because you don't have a good answer to give, or because a truthful answer would be embarrassing.
