Download PHIL 101 Final Exam: Rousseau, Sartre, Kierkegaard, Beauvoir, and Malcolm X and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Rousseau's personal concern - Correct Answers ✅✅Inequality and government (how to balance individual freedoms within the good things in government) When Rousseau focuses on 'Nature as Basis for Morality', what is he NOT talking about? - Correct Answers ✅✅God and the principles of human reason When Rousseau focuses on 'Nature as Basis for Morality', what IS he talking about? - Correct Answers ✅✅Human nature as selfish in a good way, a naturally good kind of self interest Humanity's goal according to Rousseau - Correct Answers ✅✅To be a good person Rousseau says that in our human nature, three things intersect - Correct Answers ✅✅What we think, what we do, and how we act What does Rousseau say about how humans are shaped by society? - Correct Answers ✅✅We are born potentially good but society usually shapes us for the bad Does Rousseau think people can be inherently evil? - Correct Answers ✅✅No
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What comes first, natural feelings or acquired ideas? - Correct Answers ✅✅Natural feelings What are ideas? - Correct Answers ✅✅Reasoned principles; they build on feelings and then guide actions Who created the social contract? - Correct Answers ✅✅Rousseau The social contract - Correct Answers ✅✅A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. The social contract is the convergence of what? (Moving from what to what) - Correct Answers ✅✅Individual liberty and general will; moving from natural order to social order "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" - Correct Answers ✅✅Rousseau The puzzle of the social contract - Correct Answers ✅✅How to be free, moral individuals AND obey laws that guide us as people
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Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? - Correct Answers ✅✅Jefferson Jefferson borrowed from Rousseau in order to... - Correct Answers ✅✅1. Justify a rejection of British rule
- Set forth principles for new government Jefferson's justification for rebellion - Correct Answers ✅✅It isn't a right, it is a duty Concerns about Rousseau - Correct Answers ✅✅Is human nature really inclined towards goodness? Can individual liberty and general will really harmonize? Giving too much force of command to government? Sartre's focal problem - Correct Answers ✅✅What is the nature of human identity in the context of real-time human experience? (Who am I?) The problem with the self - Correct Answers ✅✅I'm supposed to define myself, but I also feel so defined by life (the challenge of choice) "Existence precedes essence" - Correct Answers ✅✅Sartre
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Sartre's knife example - Correct Answers ✅✅The knife (an object) has a design (essence), but a human does not What is essence? - Correct Answers ✅✅The definitive thing in something that gives it it's purpose Humans have no ________, just __________ - Correct Answers ✅✅Essence, existence What does Sartre think about human nature/god? - Correct Answers ✅✅There is no human nature and no god The project of self-responsibility - Correct Answers ✅✅You aren't just an individual making choices, your choice affect others, there is power in suggestion, our choices send a message to others Our split identity has two features... - Correct Answers ✅✅Facticity and transcendence Facticity - Correct Answers ✅✅My facts, circumstances, the "in-itself" (things you can't change)
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Sartre says we need to coordinate which two things? - Correct Answers ✅✅Facticity (in-itself) and transcendence (for-itself) If there is no human nature.... - Correct Answers ✅✅Then meaning is up to you to find Bad faith is a... - Correct Answers ✅✅Bad coping mechanism Kierkegaard believes that humanity is hiding behind... - Correct Answers ✅✅Generalizations of identity Who hates the status quo? - Correct Answers ✅✅Kierkegaard Who would say that humanity breeds complacency at the expense of passion? - Correct Answers ✅✅Kierkegaard "Wake up"!!! - Correct Answers ✅✅Kierkegaard Kierkegaard thinks that humans don't like... - Correct Answers ✅✅To take responsibility for ourselves
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"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman" - Correct Answers ✅✅Simone de Beauvoir Beauvoir's goal - Correct Answers ✅✅To liberate all people Three sides of selfhood - Correct Answers ✅✅In-Itself, For-Itself, For- Others Who is the "other"? - Correct Answers ✅✅Women Which side of selfhood is 'feminine'? - Correct Answers ✅✅In-Itself (facticity) Which side of selfhood is 'masculine'? - Correct Answers ✅✅For-Itself (transcendence) What is othering? - Correct Answers ✅✅I am this on the basis of NOT being that What is considered the 'absolute human type'? - Correct Answers ✅✅Masculine
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Overall, what is Beauvoir's problem and what is she trying to do? - Correct Answers ✅✅One is not born, but rather becomes, woman; she is trying to help women gain 'full membership in the human race' When was Malcolm X popular? - Correct Answers ✅✅1960's civil rights movement Malcolm X believes _________ is in bad faith - Correct Answers ✅✅American democracy Malcolm X thinks people should work toward what? - Correct Answers ✅✅The internal work of passion, self-examination, and transcendence Sartre: ___________ vs ____________ - Correct Answers ✅✅Transcendence vs facticity Kierkegaard: ___________ vs ____________ - Correct Answers ✅✅Passion vs public Beauvoir: ___________ vs ____________ - Correct Answers ✅✅For- Liberty vs constrained for-others
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Malcom X: ___________ vs ____________ - Correct Answers ✅✅Freedom vs racial categorization ad oppression Who was focused on the purpose of philosophy? - Correct Answers ✅✅Berlin What does philosophy's purpose involve? - Correct Answers ✅✅Trying to address a special class of questions and thinking about our frameworks for thinking and the judgements that arise there What is purpose? - Correct Answers ✅✅Aristotle's philosophical question How do you reveal the purpose of philosophy? - Correct Answers ✅✅Philosophizing Four stages of understanding philosophy - Correct Answers ✅✅1. Address 2 non-philosophical ways of posing questions
- How does progress operate in scientific disciplines and what is the effect of this on philosophy's identity
- Philosophy is thinking about our thinking, what enables it and what are its outcomes
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What are Luc Ferry's ideas on salvation? - Correct Answers ✅✅Salvation through philosophy or science, not necessarily religion What is nuance? - Correct Answers ✅✅Run comparisons, draw distinctions between things, draw meaning from things by comparing it to another Three orientations of philosophy - Correct Answers ✅✅Theory, ethics, salvation/wisdom Theory - Correct Answers ✅✅Trying to see the truth of the world as it is Ethics - Correct Answers ✅✅Rules of right and wrong, "practical" philosophy Salvation/wisdom - Correct Answers ✅✅How to live wisely, contentedly, freely, and without the fear of death "Reason, like life, is limited" - Correct Answers ✅✅Luc Ferry Philosophy is also known as... - Correct Answers ✅✅The queen of the sciences
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Four approaches to doing philosophy - Correct Answers ✅✅Definitions, logic and proofs, being visionary, focusing on the practical/moral Definitions (as an approach to philosophy) - Correct Answers ✅✅Tries to define big issues Logic and proofs (as an approach to philosophy) - Correct Answers ✅✅Demonstrating things scientifically and giving arguments Being visionary (as an approach to philosophy) - Correct Answers ✅✅Thinking outside the box, seeing the big picture/well rounded view Focusing on the practical/moral (as an approach to philosophy) - Correct Answers ✅✅Trying to be ethical What is Socrates doing in 'The Apology' and 'Crito'? - Correct Answers ✅✅Defending the Athenian law Who wrote 'The Apology' and 'Crito'? - Correct Answers ✅✅Plato
