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PHI 112 Ethics Final Exam With 100% Correct Answers
Every word in this sentence is meaningful. Therefore, the sentence is meaningful.Composition Same-sex marriage should never be allowed. If we allow gays to marry each other, thenin no time uncles will marry their nephews and nieces. Then fathers will marry theirdaughters, mothers will marry their sons, and brothers will marry their sisters. Before long, pet owners will marry their dogs and cats, and this lead to the completedestruction of civilized life. Slippery Slope Every player on the varsity chess team is very good. Therefore, the varsity chess team isvery good. No Fallacy Either you support the administration's policies or you don't deserve to be called apatriotic American. The choice should be obvious. Faulty Dilemma Jamal's new headphones have great bass response. Therefore, probably, Madison'snew headphones, which are the same make and model as Jamal's, have a great bassresponse No Fallacy Mr. Thompson, our new jeweler, says that this large cut stone is a zircon, and not adiamond. Since Mr. Thompson has an excellent reputation among jewelers, we concludethat this stone is indeed a zircon. No Fallacy
Benjamin Franklin wrote, "Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy."Therefore, since old Ben would never lie about anything so important as God, we mustconclude that God does indeed exist. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Karen complains that our curriculum is weak in areas relating to diversity. But have youseen that girl's tattoo? They're really something else--especially the red one right aboveher rear. And she must have a pound of metal hanging from her body. Two big loops hang from her ears, there's a small barbell through her tongue another through hernaval, and a chain hangs from beneath her bra. One can only imagine what that'sconnected to. Let's see. Shall we move on to the next topic? Red Herring Whatever is stupid is dull. This is a really stupid knife. Therefore, this knife is really dull.Equivocation
Marsha Ojo, the college president, argues that it's inappropriate to havecondom-dispensing machines on campus. Apparently Ojo is completely anti sex. Justabolish sex altogether. That's what she wants. But without sex there would be no human race. And no animals, either. Taylor's argument makes no sense whatsoever.Straw Man
During the two years that Pablo has served as president of the Crescent Society,several of its members have suffered from insomnia. Thus, in the interests of bettersleep for these people, the Society should elect a new president. False Cause, Post Hoc
way?Complex Question
Americans are 13 percent black, 6 percent Asian, and 18 percent Hispanic or Latino.Therefore, Sylvia, who is American, is 13 percent black, 6 percent Asian, and 18 percentHispanic or Latino. Division Hector, I know you'll want to lend me the down payment money for my new house. Afterall, you wouldn't want the IRS to find out that you failed to report a million dollars ofincome on your last tax return. Appeal to Force Members of the jury, surely you will not find Dr. Costello liable for amputating the wrongleg of his patient. During four years of medical school this poor man groped andstruggled just to get by. Unlike his fellow students, he had no rich parents to pay his way. And during his years of residency he was forced to work 16-hour days, up beforedawn and slaving away long after sunset. And now this lawsuit. Nobody deserves to betreated this way. Appeal to Pity Capital punishment should not be allowed. Once the state permits itself to killmurderers, soon it will revert to killing traitors, then kidnappers and rapists. Then it willstart killing drug dealers and then those who just take drugs. Eventually speeders and jaywalkers will get the chair and society will become one giant slaughterhouse!Slippery Slope
Raoul, the mechanic down at the Toyota dealer is a complete jack wagon. He gets drunka lot and sometimes punches his girlfriend. And now you believe hum when he saysToyota makes better brakes than Ford? Come on! Argument to the Person, Circumstancial
Candice says we should all decrease our carbon footprint by staying home orvacationing near our homes. Now I hear she's flying to visit her mother in Guatemala!There's no way I'm listening to her! Argument to the Person, Tu Quoque (You Too) Yes, I know this term paper is late, but look at me! I'm tired all the time. My back hurts.My parents are always riding me about school work! Who can operate under theseconditions? You should really give me just a brief extension on this one! Appeal to Pity Abortion is just the ending go pregnancy. But every pregnancy must to come to an end!We would all still be in the womb otherwise! Clearly, we must keep abortion safe andlegal. Equivocation The Principle of Charity says: when folks are arguing with you, interpret the reasonsthey offer in the best possible light, in the most natural way (with one exception: don'tadmit any reason that is not better known than the conclusion they are arguing). True
...be dazzled, and confused by the objects
In the Analogy of the Sun, what does the Good do?- creates all the other Forms
- makes objects intelligible(both 1 & 2)
The idea that goodness is "diffusive of itself" means ...perfect goodness must share its goodness
The Great Chain of Being exhibits these 3 main features:plenitude, gradation, continuity
The Principle of Sufficient Reason is ...from nothing, nothing comes
Aristotle thinks of goodness as ...a transcendental property, meaning, it crosses category boundaries
Plato thinks the explanation of how two things can be one thing requires ...
a universal that exists eternally and independently of its instances Aristotle thinks the explanation of how two things can be one thing requires ...a universal that exists in things, and dependently upon them
Ockham says about Whiteness ...There are as many whitenesses as white things
The Principle of Sufficient Reason was affirmed and endorsed by ...Liebniz and Spinoza
In Great Chain of Being, humans are ranked higher than animalsTrue
In the Great Chain of Being, because of human free will, it is possible to move up ordown, relative to other members of your class True In the Great Chain of Being, a perfect plant will rank higher than a human childFalse
Plato thinks the most real things are Forms, while Aristotle thinks Space is most realFalse
According to tradition, Dionysius the Areopagite was the first Greek convert toChristianity True Ockham prefers exact resemblance to identity in explaining how two things appear to beone thing True Aristotle employed the notion of a 'minimal visible' to argue in favor of Plato's FormsFalse
Aristotle thinks our world is eternalTrue
We choose happiness, according to Aristotle, onlyfor its own sake, and never as a means to something else
When we fall short of virtue, having to struggle with contrary inclination to do what isvirtuous, but we do, nonetheless, succeed in doing what's right, we are said to be continent Virtues are not habits; they are dispositions to actthat are acquired by habituation
For Aristotle, "honor, pleasure, reason, and every virtue" we choosefor themselves, and also for getting happiness
When Aristotle concludes that the good for humans is happiness, and also that it isreasoning well he is led to conclude that happiness and reasoning well are somehow the same thing To say that virtues are "multi-track" is to suggest that theyare settled in a person by comprehensive understanding
Aristotle says, unlike waking, the best sleep is the most...inactive.
When considering Aristotle's opinion of whether there are any universally binding rulesof conduct, the example of adultery came up. The purpose of the 'sex curious aliens'thought-experiment was to show...
True Bentham is famous for sayingquantity of pleasure being equal, pushpin is a good as poetry
Jeremy Bentham invented which calculus?Hedonic Calculus
The fundamental reason most people reject life in the experience machine isexperience is passive while the best things are things we do experience is best when shared while the machine isolates us(b. and c.)
For Mill, the distinction between higher and lower pleasures is necessitated becausethe only competent judge of two pleasures is someone with experience of both, and folks who experience both higher and lower pleasures prefer higher onesa pig completely full of pleasure would still be worse off than Socrates lacking pleasure (a. and c.) Utilitarianism is a "demanding" theory becausethere are genuine occasions where duty conflicts with our interests
If you must produce the greatest good for the greatest number, Utilitarianism suggestsmorality turns us into good-making machines you may have a hard time getting a good night's sleep(a. and b.)
The Principle of Utility saysactions are right as they tend to promote pleasure, wrong as the tend to diminish it
The example of the 5 Nobel Prize winners needing your organs and a doctor's apparentduty to take them seems to imply utilitarianism is weak regarding individual rights If one act guarantees a pleasure while another just makes the pleasure likely, the firstact is superior in terms of certainty A massage is superior to a night of heavy drinking because it is followed by morepleasure while the night out is followed by a headache. A massage excels over drinkingin fecundity Bentham and Mill both say that happiness
The 'Cooperation Defense' of Ethical Egoism saysEthical Egoism isn't bad because smart selfish people cooperate
Psychological Egoism isa descriptive theory
Examples of folks who adhere to Ethical Egoism are...Fredrich Nietzsche and Ayn Rand
Acting selfishly, for the Ethical Egoist, makes the world better by...increasing freedom and independence in society
One perk of Ethical Egoism, as an ethical theory competing for your allegiance, is...it strongly connects morality with having reasons to act
Psychological Egoism is the view thatEvery human action is motivated solely by self-interest
The Ethical Egoist has the initial problem of explaining why...selfish actions are often followed by feelings of guilt
For Hobbes, humans are free (have free will) in the sense that...we are free to do as we wish, but our wishes are determined by our brain.
For Hobbes, equality fosters quarrels due to...competition (for goods), diffidence (insecurity), and glory
Thomas Hobbes admired the mechanistic sciences on the rise in the 17th century.Whom did he meet and gain inspiration from? Galileo Galilei According to Hobbes, he was born with a timid disposition because his mother wastraumatized during her pregnancy when... the Spanish Armada was attacking England In the State of Nature, Hobbes believes we can trust each other to keep promisesbecause... What? Hobbes doesn't think we can trust each other in the State of Nature! For Hobbes, the only way to trust our neighbor is...to elect or accept a sovereign who harshly punishes those who break the rules
be prepared to defend yourself A Leviathan is...a terrible sea monster from the book of Job
The type of government Hobbes prefers is...Monarchy (King or Queen rules)
Hobbes lived near the end of what age?The age of Discovery
Hobbes rejects The Divine Right of Kings as the basis for...governmental authority
Michael Palin (Dennis, the constitutional peasant) provided 3 descriptions of the Lady ofthe Lake. What were they? Strange Woman lying in a pond, Moistened Bint, Watery Tart
