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Personality Dispositions and Theories, Study notes of Psychomotor education

Ryerson UniversityPsychomotor education

The concept of personality dispositions and how people differ from each other. It also explores the inner mental life of individuals, intra-individual functioning, and the goals of personality theorists. The document delves into the scientific observation of personality, genetic determinants, culture, and theories of personality. It also discusses growth and development, theories of personality, and behavior as an adaptation to rewards and punishments. Personal construct theory and social-cognitive theory are also explored.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Available from 10/10/2023

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CHAPTER 1
Personality Dispositions:
- What a person or thing does
- descriptions
- Example: A glass vase breaks if you bump into it
- Fragile, Dispositional, longevity
- How people differ from each other
- Enduring: consistent across time and place
- Distinctive : differentiate people from each other. Forex: someone is shy most of
the time
Inner Mental Life
- Concept
- Beliefs, emotions and motivations that make up an individual and mental life of a
person
- Conflicts between desires
Intra Individual functioning
- psychologists are concerned with the thoughts and emotions within the mind or
intra individual mental functioning
- Jack Block
Cognitive Psychologist
- memory
Social Psychologist
- Self concept
Educational Psychologist
- Apply theories of human development to understand individual learning
- Perfectionist tendencies at school
Personality Pyschologist-how these systems function for an individual
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CHAPTER 1

Personality Dispositions:

  • What a person or thing does
  • descriptions
  • Example: A glass vase breaks if you bump into it
  • Fragile, Dispositional, longevity
  • How people differ from each other
  • Enduring: consistent across time and place
  • Distinctive : differentiate people from each other. Forex: someone is shy most of the time Inner Mental Life
  • Concept
  • Beliefs, emotions and motivations that make up an individual and mental life of a person
  • Conflicts between desires Intra Individual functioning
  • psychologists are concerned with the thoughts and emotions within the mind or intra individual mental functioning
  • Jack Block Cognitive Psychologist
  • memory Social Psychologist
  • Self concept Educational Psychologist
  • Apply theories of human development to understand individual learning
  • Perfectionist tendencies at school Personality Pyschologist- how these systems function for an individual

System

  • Personality is a system
  • Any connected set of interacting parts that make up a whole Psychological qualities -beliefs, values, emotions, goals,etc PERSONALITY
  • Psychological systems contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of experience and behavior.
  • Personality psychologist will be able to identify psychological systems (aspects of inner mental life) that help to explain people’s distinctive experiences and actions **Three Goals for the Personality Theorist
  1. Scientific Observation**
  • scientific observation
  • Study diverse groups of people
  • Psychologists cannot base personality theories merely on observations of people they happen to run into in daily life. They must observe diverse groups of individuals, to ensure that conclusions about personality represent the lives of the world’s citizens Subcultures—associated with ethnicity, spiritual beliefs, or economic circumstances 2. Ensure that observations of people are objective . Information that is not influenced by the subjective personal opinions and desires of the person getting the information is called “objective’’
  • Replicability. Whenever one scientist reports a finding, others should be able to replicate it; in other words, they should be able to repeat the procedures and get the same result.
  • For example: if one team of researchers found that mild climates predict outgoing personality styles, you should be able to repeat their procedures and find the same thing.
  • Replication crisis; Researchers have sometimes found it hard to replicate well- known findings 4.Use specialized tools to study thinking, emotion, and neurobiological systems.
  • personality theorists hope to identify enduring psychological structures Emotion : the biological structure that contributes to good or bad mood Motivation : a desire to achieve success or to be accepted by others) Cognition is a negative belief about oneself that contributes to states of depression Skills : a high or low level of “social intelligence Units of analysis
  • anything can be described in more than one way Trait
  • a consistent style of emotion or behavior that a person displays across a variety of situations
  • synonymous with the trait is the disposition Disposition :
  • traits describe what a person tends to do or is predisposed to do
  • Traits usually are thought of as continuous dimensions. Type:
  • a clustering of many different traits
  • three types of person
    1. People who respond in an adaptive, resilient manner to psychological stress
  1. people who respond in a manner that is socially inhibited or emotionally overcontrolled
  2. people who respond in an uninhibited or under-controlled manner Process
  • A personality process is a psychological activity (involving thoughts, feelings, or actions) that may change over relatively brief periods of time
  • One moment you are studying. The next, you are distracted by thoughts of a friend. Next, you’re hungry and getting a snack. Then you’re feeling guilty about not studying
  • Can also be called Personality Dynamics
  • psychologists borrow a word from a different field of study: physics.
  • In personality, “dynamics” refer to psychological processes (involving thinking, emotion, or motivation) that change over time

Genetic Determinants

  • Temperament term that refers to biologically based emotional and behavioral tendencies that are evident in early childhood
  • Fear reactions and inhibited behavior
  • People differ considerably in the degree to which they respond fearfully, especially when encountering unfamiliar, novel situations (e.g., a social setting with many strangers). Genes contribute to individual differences in brain systems that are involved in this fear response. These biological differences, in turn, produce psychological differences in behavior and emotions Culture
  • Each culture has its own institutionalized and sanctioned patterns of learned behaviors, rituals, and belief
  • Philosophical views arise in socio-historical contexts.
  • The historical circumstances of the psychologist influence the theory that he or she develops
  • In the late 19th century, scientists explored the physics of energy—and Sigmund Freud proposed an energy-based model of mind Sigmund Freud +B. F. Skinner.
  • According to Freud, we are controlled by internal forces: unconscious impulses and emotions that are buried deep in our unconscious minds. According to Skinner, we are controlled by external forces: environmental rewards and punishments that govern our actions. “A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him Concept of the self: Although we may experience a potentially bewildering diversity of life events, we do experience them from a consistent perspective of ourselves To evaluate something, one generally asks what it is supposed to do. One then can judge how well it is doing it. A more formal way to say this is that one asks about the functions that the entity is supposed to serve. One then can evaluate the degree to which it is carrying out those functions. Like all scientific theories, theories of personality can serve three key functions: They can (1) organize existing information, (2) generate new knowledge about important issues, and
  • Theories that emphasize the role of goals in personality functioning note that people’s goals are related hierarchically Theories that focus on personality traits note that a small set of basic traits organizes lower-level personality tendencies
  • Other approaches argue instead that personality is a fluid, flexible system in which different parts influence one another, with little rigid, fixed hierarchical structure GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -The study of personality development encompasses two challenges
  • To characterize patterns of development that are experienced by most, if not all, persons
  • Understand developmental factors that contribute to individual differences Theories of personality are influenced by:
  • Personal factors
  • The spirit of the time
  • Philosophical assumptions characteristic of members of a given culture Behavior
  • seen as an adaptation to rewards and punishments experienced in the environment
  • Since different people experience different patterns of reward in different settings, they naturally develop different styles of behavior Personal construct theory
  • Addresses people’s capacity to interpret the world
  • Studies the subjective ideas, or constructs, that people use to interpret the environment
  • Explores the possibility that most individual differences
  • in personality functioning stems from the different
  • constructs that people use to interpret their world Social-cognitive theory
  • Social-cognitive theorists study personality by analyzing the thinking processes that come into play as people interpret their world
  • Devotes much attention to questions of self-regulation, which refers to the psychological processes through which people set goals for themselves, control their emotional impulses, and execute courses of action