Download PARASITOLOGY SUMMARY (Trematodes, Amoeba, Ciliates, Flagellates) and more Cheat Sheet Parasitology in PDF only on Docsity!
AMOEBA
Entamoeba histolytica
Infective Stage Cyst
Invasive Stage Trophozoite
Definitive Host Man
Intermediate Host/s N/A
Diagnosis Microscopic detection Concentration technique - cysts DFS - trophozoite motility Unidirectional motility
Clinical Features Ameobic colitis Amoebic liver abscess
Mode of Transmission Feco-oral route
Unique Features: Immature cyst: 1- nuclei Mature cyst: 4 nuclei Central karyosome Peripheral chromatin Vesicular nucleus
Immature Cysts:
Mature Cyst:
Trophozoites:
Entamoeba coli
Infective Stage Cyst
Invasive Stage Trophozoite
Definitive Host Man
Intermediate Host/s N/A
Diagnosis Microscopic detection Concentration technique - cysts DFS - trophozoite motility Non-directional motility
Clinical Features Non-pathogenic
Mode of Transmission Feco-oral route
Unique Features: Cyst: >4 nuclei Eccentric karyosome No ingested RBC Glycogen vacuole
Iodine stain:
Trichrome stain:
Trophozoites:
Entamoeba gingivalis
Infective Stage Trophozoite (No cyst stage!!)
Invasive Stage Trophozoite
Definitive Host Man
Intermediate Host/s N/A
Diagnosis Trophozoites in scrapings of the gums and teeth
Clinical Features Non-pathogenic
Mode of Transmission Kissing, saliva droplets, sharing utensils
Unique Features:
Single nucleus Central karyosome Peripheral chromatin Ingested leukocytes Extended pseudopodia
Trophozoites: Iodine stain
Papanicolau stain:
Iodamoeba butschlii
Infective Stage Trophozoite (No cyst stage!!)
Invasive Stage Trophozoite
Definitive Host Man
Intermediate Host/s N/A
Diagnosis
Clinical Features Non-pathogenic
Mode of Transmission Kissing, saliva droplets, sharing utensils
Unique Features:
Cyst: Single nucleus Large glycogen bodies No peripheral chromatin Achromatic granules Central karyosome
Cyst:
Trophozoite:
TREMATODES
Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma japonicum
Infective Stage Man: Cercaria Snail: Miracidium
Diagnostic Stage Egg (via microscopy)
DH Man
IH Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi
Clinical Features Swimmer’s itch (cercaria) Katayama syndrome (schistosomule) Granulomatous hypersensitivity (ova) Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (JM) Intestinal schistosomiasis (JM) Urinary schistosomiasis (H) Neuroschistosomiasis (J)
MOT Skin penetration
Treatment Praziquantel
Unique Features: S. japonicum: small lateral spine S. mansoni: large lateral spine S. haematobium: terminal spine S. intercalatum: curved terminal spine S. mekongi: inconspicuous spine Male: Gynecophoric canals, larger Female: Single pyramidal ovaries
S. japonicum
S. mansoni
S. haematobium
S. intercalatum
S. mekongi
Adult worm
In copula
Clinicals
Paragonimus westermani (Oriental lung fluke)
Infective Stage Man: Metacercaria Snail: Miracidia
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated egg via microscopy
DH Wild cats, humans are accidental hosts
IH 1st: Antemelania asperata Antemelania dactylus 2nd: Sundathelphusa philippina
Freshwater crabs
Clinical Features Chronic cough with hemoptysis - may progress to chronic bronchiectais and fibrosis
Cutaneous paragonimiasis Cerebral paragonimiasis
MOT Ingestion of infected crabs with metacercariae
Treatment Praziquantel
Unique Features: Ova: Operculum with thickened aboperculum
Adult: Vitellaria, ovary anterior to two bilobed testes
Cercaria: stylet and tail Metacercaria: Round, encysted
Fasciolopsis buski (Intestinal Giant Fluke)
Infective Stage Man: Metacercaria Snail: Miracidia
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated egg
DH Humans and pigs
IH 1st: Segmentina or Hippeutis spp. 2nd: Trapa bicornis Eliocharis tuberosa Ipomea obscura (kangkong) Nymphaea lotus (lotus)
Clinical Features GI symptoms, anemia, B12 def.
MOT Ingestion of infected aquatic plants
Treatment Praziquantel
Unique Features: Testis: two, arranged in tandem posteriorly Ovary: branched, midline (anterior) Vitelline follicles: lateral margins Ova: Ellipsoidal, operculated Absent cephalic cone
Echimostoma ilocanum Artyfechinostomum malayanum
Infective Stage Man: Metacercaria Snail: Miracidia
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated egg
DH Humans and pigs
IH 1st: Gryaulus convexiusculus Hippeutis umbilicalis 2nd: Pila luzonica (kuhol) Vivipara angularis
Lymnaea cumigiana Ampullaris canaliculatus (golden apple snail)
Clinical Features GI symptoms, asymptomatic abd not life threatening
MOT Ingestion of infected snails
Treatment Praziquantel
Unique Features: Collar spines around oral suckers E. ilocanum: testes bilobed, tapered end A. malayanum: 6-9 lobes in tandem, rounded ends
Ova: ovoid and operculated, egg of A. malayanum is larger
Anterior end: acetabulum Posterior end: vitelline glands
E. ilocanum
A. malayanum
Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis viverrini Opisthorchis felineus
Infective Stage Man: Metacercaria Snail: Miracidia
Diagnostic Stage Embryonated egg with miracidium via stool microscopy
DH Humans
IH 1st: Snail 2nd: Freshwater fish
Clinical Features Biliary injury - migration Biliary obstruction Cholangiocarcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma
MOT Ingestion of infected fish
Treatment Praziquantel
Unique Features: Opisthorchis spp. - lobate testes C. sinensis - high branched testes
O. felineus - bilobed testes O. viverrini - deeply lobulated
Vitellaria - located in middle third Ova: operculated with abopercular end; prominent shoulders
C. sinensis
A - Opisthorchis viverrini B - Opisthorchis felineus C - Clonorchis sinensis
O. viverrini C. sinensis
❗THINGS TO REMEMBER❗
Lung flukes: Paragonimus westermani
Intestinal flukes: Heterophyid, Echinostoma ilocanum, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, Fasciolopsis buski
Liver flukes: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus
Blood flukes: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma intercalatum
All trematodes are hermaphrodites EXCEPT blood flukes (dioecious)
All first IH are snails
Aquatic plants as second IH: Fasciolopsis buski, Fasciola hepatic, Fasciola gigantica
Freshwater fish as second IH: ClonorchisAinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Oposthorchis felineus, Heterophyid
Freshwater crab as second IH: Paragonimus westermani
Snails as second IH: Echinostoma ilocanum, Artyfechinostomum malayanum
No second IH: Schistosoma spp.
All trematode eggs are operculated with abopercular end EXCEPT heterophyids
Common infective stage to man: Metacercaria EXCEPT Schistosoma (Cercaria)
Common infective stage to snail: Miracidia
Common diagnostic stage: Unembryonated egg EXCEPT Opisthochis spp, Clonorchis sinensis, Heterophyid
Common treatment: Praziquantel EXCEPT Fasciola spp (Triclabendazole)
CILLIATES AND FLAGELLATES
Balantidium coli
Infective Stage Mature Cyst
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite (invasive) and cyst via microscopic stool exam
Habitat Large intestines - Cecum
DH Humans (accidental) and pigs
Clinical Features Characteristic ulcer (flask-shaped) Fulminant balantidiasis - bloody diarrhea
MOT Feco-oral (ingestion of contaminated food and water)
Treatment Tetracycline
Unique Features: Motility: Rotary and boring Macronucleus: kidney shaped Contractile vacuole Ciliated Cytosome
Cyst
Trophozoite
Giardia lamblia
Infective Stage Mature Cyst
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite (invasive) and cyst in feces / Enterotest
Habitat Small intestines: Duodenum, jejunum, and upper ileum
DH Humans
Clinical Features Low infective dose (10 cysts) Acute: Diarrhea Chronic: Steatorrhea (villus atrophy and crypt hypertrophy), failure to thrive syndrome
MOT Feco-oral (Ingestion of contaminated food and water)
Treatment Metronidazole
Unique Features: Motility: Falling leaf Trophozoite: 2 nuclei, 4 flagella Cyst: 2 nuclei (young) 4 nuclei (mature) Flagella → axonemes
Cyst Trophozoite
Trichomonas tenax Trichomonas hominis
Infective Stage Trophozoite
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite
Habitat T. tenax - Oral cavity T. hominis - Cecum
DH Humans
Clinical Features Harmless commensal Pulmonary trichomoniasis via aspiration
MOT T. tenax - kissing, mouth droplets T. hominis - feco-oral
Unique Features: T. tenax - pear shaped; 4 anterior flagella, 5th flagella on undulating membrane; ⅔ of body length UM; thicker axostyle
T. hominis - pear shaped; 3- anterior flagella, 1 posterior flagellum; full body length UM; thinner axostyle
T. tenax
T. hominis
Chilomastix mesnili
Infective Stage Cyst
Diagnostic Stage Trophozoite and cyst in stool
Habitat Large intestine - cecum
DH Humans
Clinical Features Harmless commensal
MOT Ingestion of cyst from contaminated food and water
Unique Features: Motility: Stiff and rotatory
Trophozoites: Mononucleated Pear shaped, 3 anterior flagella, 1 posterior flagella, prominent cytosome; curved posture
Cyst: lemon shaped. Mononucleated; clear hyaline knob, well-defined cytosome, large central karyosome
Cyst Trophozoite
THINGS TO REMEMBER
Pathogenic: Balatidium coli, Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas vaginalis
Non-pathogenic: Trichomonas tenax, Trichomonas hominis, Chilomastix mesnili
Most do not have cyst stage EXCEPT Balantidium coli and Giardia lamblia
All are transmitted feco-orally EXCEPT Trichomonas vaginalis
All are flagellated EXCEPT Balatidium coli (cilia) and Dientamoeba fragilis (pseudopodia)
Binucleated trophozoites: D. fragilis, G. lamblia, B. coli The rest are mononucleated
HEMOFLAGELLATES
Trypanosoma brucei brucei Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (African Trypanosomiasis)
Infective Stage Metacyclic trypomastigote (in saliva)
Diagnostic Stage Trypomastigote in blood
DH Man
Vector Tse-tse fly (Glossina spp)
Clinical Features Afrian Sleeping Sickness Gambiense - chronic form Rhodesiense - acute fatal form Brucei - nagana (animals)
Initial: Chancre → central eschar Hemolymphatic stage: Winterbottom’s sign (Gambian) Meningoencephalitic stage: Kerandel’s sign
Trypomastigote → Procyclic trypomastigote → Epimastigote → Metacyclic trypomastigote → Trypomastigote
Epidemiology DR of Congo, Africa
Unique Features: S-shaped trypomastigote Antigenic variation
Epimastigote Long and slender
F: anterior end U: half body N: near center K: anterior to the nucleus
Trypomastigote S-shaped
F: anterior end U: whole body N: middle K: posteriorly
Epimastigote (insect)
Trypomastigote (blood)
Trypanosoma cruzi (American Trypanosomiasis)
Infective Stage Metacyclic trypomastigote (in feces)
Diagnostic Stage Trypomastigote in blood (Giemsa stain) / Serology for chronic phase
DH Man
Vector Triatomine bugs (Kissing bug) via defecation on skin
Clinical Features Chagas disease Acute phase: Chagoma Romanas sign - swollen eyelid
Chronic phase: Cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, megacolon
Trypomastigote → Metacyclic trypomastigote → Amastigote (found in tissue) → Trypomastigote
Epidemiology Latin america
Unique Features: C-shaped trypomastigote Demonstrates all stages EXCEPT promastigote
Amastigote Round spheroid
F: absent U: absent N: off-center K: dot-like
Trypomastigote S-shaped
F: anterior end U: whole body N: middle K: posteriorly
Amastigote (tissue)
Trypomastigote (blood)
Epimastigote (insect)
