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ParaPro Assessment (Praxis) Study
Guide
Predicate - ✔ the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g., went home in John went home ). Quotient - ✔ The answer to a division problem. Product - ✔ The result of multiplying. Difference - ✔ The result of subtracting one number from another. Then vs. Than - ✔ Then is used when one is talking about something in relation to time. Than is used when discussing comparisons. Preposition - ✔ A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word (e.g., The man ON the train. She arrived AFTER dinner.). Sum - ✔ The result of adding two or more numbers. Homonym - ✔ Two or more words having the same spelling but different meanings and origins. Mean Median Mode - ✔ Mean: Find the average of the listed numbers. Median: The middle value of all the numbers listed. Mode: The numbers repeated most. Descriptive Essay - ✔ This is an essay that describes something. The goal is to provide readers with enough detailed descriptions for them to be able to picture or imagine the chosen topic. Persuasive Essay - ✔ An essay with the intent to convince readers to believe in an idea or opinion and to do an action. Narrative Writing - ✔ This writing that is synonymous with a story. Short Vowels - ✔ Words that don't say their name, but make sounds instead. Ex. Pet, Pot, Put, Putt, Pat, and Pit.
Long Vowels - ✔ The vowel sounds that are also names of the alphabet letters. Ex. Paint, Ape, Glue, Home, Baby, and Ray. Consonant Sounds - ✔ Produce meaningful sounds that obstruct the flow of speech and can produce a more abrupt staccato type of rhythm. There are 21 consonant letters for 24 consonant sounds. These are all non-vowel sounds. Multiplying Fractions - ✔ Multiply across numerators, then multiply across denominators. Simplify the fractions if necessary. Dividing Fractions - ✔ Keep the first fraction the same, but flip the reciprocal of the second one. Multiply across afterwards as if you were regularly multiplying fractions. Inches to Feet - ✔ 12 Inches = 1 Foot Centimeters to Meters - ✔ 100 Centimeters = 1 Meter Words that add emotion or feeling into a sentence and which usually come at the beginning of a sentence are called ____. - ✔ Interjection. Interjections often start a sentence and provide a sense of tone, such as excitement or fear or frustration. For example, "Drat! I forgot we have a math test today!" In this sentence, drat is an interjection so that the reader knows the mood is one of disappointment and frustration. Part of a Sentence - ✔ Subject: What or whom the sentence is about. Verb: The action taking place. Prewriting Strategies to Generate and Organize Ideas - ✔ Free-writing and outlines. Drafting and Revising Strategies - ✔ Composing/ refining a thesis statement, writing focused, organizing paragraphs, and writing a conclusion. Pronoun - ✔ A word that takes the place of a noun. Ex. He, she, you, it, they, I, someone, everyone, and whose. Adjective - ✔ A word that describes a noun. Adverb - ✔ A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Order of Operations - ✔ The order in which operations in an expression to be evaluated are carried out. 1. Parentheses 2. Exponents 3. Multiplication and Division 4. Addition and Subtraction (PEMDAS).
A sentence is made up of two main parts, the ____ and the ____. - ✔ Subject; Predicate The subject an author is writing about is called the ____. - ✔ Topic More specific than topic, the ____ is the author's position with regard to the topic. - ✔ Main Idea The underlying message or meaning of a text is called the ____. - ✔ Theme An author's ____ is the reason he or she writes a text. - ✔ Purpose A comparison-contrast organizational structure is best used for texts that are ____. - ✔ Informative An organizational structure based on time (chronological) or space (spatial) is called ____. - ✔ Descriptive Explanation: In descriptive organization, the text is organized based on when events occur or where they are located in relation to one another. Descriptive writing helps the reader "see" what the author wants them to envision. A reference to someone or something well-known or famous, used by an author to help make a connection for the reader, is called a(n) ____. - ✔ Allusion. Explanation: Allusions help a reader make a connection between something the author is trying to convey and something with which the reader is already familiar. ____ creates a sense of balance and rhythm to an author's writing by ensuring the sentences are structured the same way using the same pattern. - ✔ Parallelism Explanation: Parallelism creates a sense of balance and may help emphasize a particular idea to the reader. The three most popular and effective rhetorical appeals are ____, ____, and ____. - ✔ Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. Explanation:
Ethos, logos, and pathos are the rhetorical devices most commonly used by authors to persuade or convince their audience. Ethos means setting up the author's own credibility and trustworthiness; pathos targets an audience's emotions; and logos appeals to an audience's rational thinking side. Authors may state something directly to a reader in a statement, but when the author hints at a conclusion he or she wants the reader to draw, it's called a(n) ____. - ✔ Inference Creating an argument that just goes around and around, where the proof is the same as the conclusion and no other evidence is provided, is called ____. - ✔ circular reasoning Explanation: Circular reasoning provides no substantial proof or evidence to support a claim or argument. As such, the audience is expected to just accept the conclusion but that does not work for critical thinkers who will only believe or be persuaded by effective evidence or proof. A(n) ____ fallacy is created when a conclusion is drawn based on a small sampling or a single experience rather than consideration of the "big picture." - ✔ Overgeneralization An ad hominem fallacy targets and attacks the ____ as opposed to the ____. - ✔ speaker; argument A student hearing, identifying, and understanding that there are different sounds in language is called ____. - ✔ Phonemic Awareness When a reader reads with ____, it means that he or she not only sounds good when reading, but is also able to understand and comprehend what is being read. - ✔ Fluency A unit of sound or each "beat" in a word is called a(n) ____. - ✔ Syllable A root or base word is ____. - ✔ usually a short word to which prefixes and/or suffixes can be attached A(n) ____ is a letter or combination of letters added to the beginning of a base word and which modifies the base word's meaning. - ✔ Prefix 3 kilograms is how many grams? - ✔ 3,000 grams
