Overview of the Nature of Personality-Phsycology-Lecture Slides, Slides of Psychology

Download Overview of the Nature of Personality-Phsycology-Lecture Slides and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 5

Personality: Brief introduction

Personality refers to an individual unique

collection of consistent traits.

Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness

A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in aparticular way across a variety of situations.

There has been considerable debate as to how many traitdimensions are necessary to fully describe personalityhowever the five- factor model explains that most aspects ofour personality are derived from these traits:

The Five-Factor Model (Robert Mc Crae & Paul Costa)

Extraversion

Neuroticism

Openness to experience

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

FIVE FACTOR Model of personality

Neuroticism. Anxious,insecure,guilt,self ‐ conscious

Extraversion Talkative,sociable,fun ‐ loving ‐ affectionate.

Openness to experience Daring,non ‐ conforming,showing usually broad interests,imaginative.

Agreeableness sympathetic,warm,trusting,cooperative  Conscientiousness Ethical.dependable,productive,purposeful.

PERSONALITY

THEORIES

Psychodynamic

perspectives

Behavioral

perspectives

Humanistic

perspectives

Biological

perspectives

Levels of awareness 

Conscious:

It

consists

of

whatever

one

is

aware

of

at

a

particular

point

in

time.



Unconscious:

contains

thoughts

memories

and

desires

that

are

well

below

the

surface

of

conscious

awareness

but

that

nonetheless

exert

great

influence

on

behavior.



Preconscious:

contains

material

just

beneath

the

surface

of

awareness

that

can

easily

be

retrieved.

Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms:

Refers

to

largely

unconscious

reactions

that

protect

a

person

from

unpleasant

emotions

such

as

anxiety

and

guilt.

Rationalization:

which

is

creating

false

beliefs

and

excuses

to

justify

unacceptable

behavior.e.g

cheating

**Figure

Freud’s model of personality dynamics.** According to Freud, unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego sometimes lead to anxiety. This discomfort may lead to the use of defense mechanisms, which may temporarily relieve anxiety. Figure 11.

DM

Regression:is

reversion

to

immature

patterns

of

behavior.

Identification:is

bolstering

self

esteem

by

forming

an

imaginary

or

real

alliance

with

some

person

or

group.

Jung’s Analytical Psychology and Adler’s Individual Psychology  Carl Jung. Middle class 1875  Analytical Psychology  Personal and collective unconscious: is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestors.  Archetypes: are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.  Introversion: tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings and experiences.  Extroversion:tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.

Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives  Pros  Insights regarding  The unconscious  The role of internal conflict  The importance of early childhood experiences  Cons  Poor testability  Inadequate evidence  Sexism

Behavioral Perspectives  Behaviorism is a theratical orientation based on that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.  Skinner’s views  Conditioning and response tendencies  Environmental determinism  Bandura’s views  Social leaning and social cognitive theory  Observational learning:occurs when an organisms respo  Models  Self ‐ efficacy  Mischel’s views  The person ‐ situation controversy

Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives  Pros  Based on extensive empirical research  Insights into effects of environmental factors  Cons  Over ‐ dependence on animal research  Fragmented view of personality

Humanistic Perspectives  Carl Rogers  Person ‐ centered Theory  Self ‐ concept  Conditional/unconditional positive regard  Incongruence and anxiety  Abraham Maslow  Self ‐ actualization theory  Hierarchy of needs  The healthy personality

**Figure

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.** According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, and people must satisfy their basic needs before they can satisfy higher needs. In the diagram, higher levels in the pyramid represent progressively less basic needs. Individuals progress upward in the hierarchy when lower needs are satisfied reasonably well, but they may regress back to lower levels if basic needs are no longer satisfied. Figure 11.

Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives  Pros  Importance of subjective reality  Developed self ‐ concept construct  Foundation for Positive Psychology  Cons  Difficult to test  Overly optimistic  More experimental research needed