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MacArthur and Pianka (1966): Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment and Warbler Coexistence, Slides of Ecology and Environment

Bangalore UniversityEcology and Environment

This document consists of several texts discussing the works of robert macarthur, particularly his seminal paper on the optimal use of a patchy environment and its implications for warbler coexistence. The document also touches upon macarthur's legacy and the impact of his research style on ecology. The texts include discussions on search time vs. Pursuit time, the effects of patchy environments, warbler population ecology, and macarthur's contributions to ecology.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/25/2013

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On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment
(MacArthur and Pianka 1966)
•Search time vs. pursuit time
•Considers effects of patchy environment
•Landmark paper in optimal foraging theory
and behavioral ecology
•About 110 citations since 2000 (Google
Scholar)
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On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment

(MacArthur and Pianka 1966)

  • Search time vs. pursuit time
  • Considers effects of patchy environment
  • Landmark paper in optimal foraging theory and behavioral ecology
  • About 110 citations since 2000 (Google Scholar)

On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment

(MacArthur and Pianka 1966)

  • N = number of items in diet
  • T (^) N = Time per food item
  • T (^) NS^ = Search time per food item
  • T (^) NP^ = Pursuit time per food item - Food types ranked from most efficient to least (calories/time) - What is the optimal number of items to include in the diet?

Population Ecology of Some Warblers

of Northeastern Coniferous Forests

  • Five congeneric species of warblers found together without obvious interspecific differences
  • How do they coexist?

Population Ecology of Some Warblers

of Northeastern Coniferous Forests

  • MacArthur notes: “…differences … are neither always necessary nor always sufficient to prevent competition and permit coexistence”
  • He then documents species differences and concludes that they permit coexistence

Population Ecology of Some Warblers

of Northeastern Coniferous Forests

  • Warbler coexistence attributed to differences in foraging zone (MacArthur 1958)
  • If competition limits diversity (limiting similarity), more species should exist in more complex habitats because more types of foraging sites are available, reducing competition (MacArthur 1958, 1972)
  • Alternative: “Potential-prey- site hypothesis”
  • Bird species nest preferentially in different foliage - Predators should search foliage where abundant species nest - Preferential nest predation allows persistence of rare species

Population Ecology of Some Warblers

of Northeastern Coniferous Forests

MacArthur’s Legacy

  • Many ecologists tried to adapt the style of his warbler paper, typically with less success (Fretwell 1975, Kaspari 2008)
  • Differences between species continued to be used as explanation for coexistence despite the lack of quantitative testing

MacArthur’s Legacy

  • Does MacArthur’s research style have a place in community ecology today?
  • Still common in biogeography (Esselstein?), where patterns can be observed, but laboratory and field experiments are not often possible