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A comprehensive set of review questions covering various aspects of ophthalmology, including anatomy, physiology, diseases, and treatments. It is a valuable resource for medical students preparing for exams or seeking to deepen their understanding of the subject. The questions are presented in a concise and clear format, with answers provided for each. Particularly useful for students studying ophthalmology or related medical fields.
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What systemic disease can cause dacroadentitis? ✔✔Sarcoidosis What is the hallmark PE finding associated with orbital cellulitis? TEST QUESTION ✔✔Reduced Visual Acuity What layer of the cornea, keeps the cornea dehydrated? ✔✔The endothelium What topical steroid is known to potentially cause cataracts? ✔✔Lotoprednol What are the functions of the ciliary body? ✔✔Produce aqueous humor, and accomodation What component of the ANS innervates the ciliary muscle of the ciliary body? What is this muscle's function? ✔✔It is innervated by the autonomic branch of the parasympathetic nervous system. Contraction of this muscle releases tension on the zonules of zinn, which allows the lens to assume a more convex shape. The iris is comprised of two muscles. What are they, how are they innervated and what function do they serve? ✔✔1) Dilator pupillae / sympathetic innervation / mydriasis 2) Sphincter pupillae / parasympathetic innervation / miosis Vasculopathic, Tumor, Trauma, and Congenital are all etiologies assoc with what cranial nerve dysfunction? ✔✔4th CN Vasculopathic, Tumor, and Increased ICP are etiologies associated with what CN palsy? ✔✔6th CN What are the 5 refractory media of the eye? ✔✔Tear film, cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous What diseases can mimic central retinal artery occlusion? ✔✔Tay Sachs and Neimann Pick disease Vasculopathic, Tumor, and Aneurysm are all etiologies associated with dysfunction of what CN? ✔✔3rd CN Blood and thunder fundus is indicative of what condition? What are two etiologies of this condition? ✔✔Central Retinal Vein Occlusion; Diabetes and HTN What is the likely cause of central retinal vein occlusion? ✔✔Thrombus What are the 3 true ocular emergenices? ✔✔Penetrating trauma to the eye, chemicals in the eye, sudden vision loss What cranial nerves come from the medulla? ✔✔CN's IX and XII What finding is typically found in both wet and dry forms of macular degeneration? ✔✔Drusen (yellowish spots on the retina which are formed by metabolic waste products from the photoreceptors)
Deformed pupil =? ✔✔Corectopia Do what if someone has poor visual acuity that is not corrected with the pinhole test? What might you find? ✔✔Perform ophthalmoscopy. You might find vitritis, posterior uveitis, toxoplasmosis What is the leading cause of blindness in the Western world? ✔✔Age related macular degeneration What are the two types of age related macular degeneration? Which is the worst? ✔✔Dry (nonexudative) and Wet (exudative). Wet is the worst...causing subretinal hemorrhages, and choroidal neovascularization What condition is a hyperopic eyeball susceptable to? ✔✔Angle closure glaucoma What term refers to an inability to focus near (accomodate)? ✔✔Presbyopia A left intranuclear lesion of the 4th cranial nerve will affect which eye? ✔✔The right eye What is another word for "night" vision? ✔✔Scotopic What are the three types of retinal detachments? ✔✔Rhegmatogenous, Exudative, Tractional What term refers to the condition whereby one eye has greater than one diopter difference in refraction from the other eye? We must correct this condition in order to prevent ambylopia? ✔✔Anisometropia What are the two main risk factors for glaucoma? TEST QUESTION ✔✔Age and Race What are three types of eye drops that can be used to decrease the production of aqueous humor in the presence of glaucoma? ✔✔Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, Beta Blockers (Betaxolol(, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide) What is the MOA of an eyedrop given to increase the outflow of aqueous from the eye? TEST QUESTION ✔✔Prostaglandin Analogs What are the 4 retinal manifestations caused by hypertension? ✔✔Narrowing of the blood vessels, Nicking of veins by crossing arteries, Leaking of vessels..causing star shaped edema, and Swelling of the optic nerve What systemic disease can cause arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy? ✔✔Giant Cell Arteritis What drug can cause vortex keratopathy? ✔✔Amiodarone What drug can cause a "bulls eye" maculopathy? ✔✔Chloroquine (plaquenil)
How many layers of the lens? Name them. ✔✔3; Capsule, Cortex, Nucleus The fibrous layer of the eyeball is comprised of the sclera and cornea. What layer of the cornea is the largest..and is the site that laser refractory surgery occurs? ✔✔Stroma The middle layer of the eyeball is the vascular tunic (aka. uveal tract). What are its components? ✔✔Choroid, Ciliary Body, Iris What are the three chambers of the eye from back to front? ✔✔Vitreal, Posterior, Anterior What is the name of the most anteriorly projected endpoint of the retina? ✔✔Ora serrata The visual cortex is in what lobe of the brain? ✔✔Occipital lobe The afferent pupillary pathway involves what cranial nerve? ✔✔CN II The efferent pupillary pathway involves what cranial nerve? ✔✔CN III What cranial nerves come from the midbrain? ✔✔CN III, IV What cranial nerves come from the pons? ✔✔CN's V, VI, VII, VIII 2 drugs to dilate the eye are??? ✔✔Tropicamide 1%, and Phenylephrine 2.5% A myopic eyeball usually has a longer globe which makes it more prone to what condition? ✔✔Retinal detachment What term refers to a condition whereby the eye and brain do not work together? Produces a "lazy eye". ✔✔Ambylopia What term refers to a manifest (obvious) misalignment of the eyes? What term refers to a latent misalignment of the eye? ✔✔Heterotropia; Heterophoria Re. strabismus...an eye turned in is called?? whereas an eye that is turned out is called?? ✔✔Esotropia; Exotropia What term refers to the condition where the lid margin turns in and the lashes rub the eye? What is the name of the condition whereby the lid margin falls away from the eye? ✔✔Entropion; Ectropion What term refers to the condition where the eyes don't shut all the way? ✔✔Lagophthalamos What cranial nerve is involved in Bell's palsy? ✔✔CN VII
Define dacroadenitis? Dacrocystitis? ✔✔Inflammation of the lacrimal gland.; Inflammation of the lacrimal sac. How do we treat dacrocystitis? ✔✔Augmentin, Keflex, Septra Different pupil size = ?? ✔✔Anisocoria Most common carcinoma of the ocular adnexa and face is ?? ✔✔BCC Conjunctivitis that is bilateral and itching = ?? ✔✔Allergic conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis that is mucupurulent? ✔✔Bacterial conjunctivitis An ocular infection by N. gonorrhea could be treated by what in an adult patient? ✔✔Use Rocephin (Ceftriaxone) What is the name for the yellowish bump or fleshy growth on the exposed conjunctiva that does not invade the cornea? ✔✔Pinguecula What is the name for the yellowish bump or fleshy growth on the exposed conjunctiva that does invade the cornea? ✔✔Pterygium What is the pathognomonic sign of herpes simplex viral keratitis? ✔✔The dendritic lesion Doses for Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, and Famcyclovir for herpes simplex keratitis? ✔✔Acyclovir (400 mg PO 5 x/day x 1 week), Valacyclovir (500 mg PO TID x 1 week), Famcyclovir (250 mg PO TID x 1 week). Do what with any of the antiviral doses when treating herpes zoster with ophthalamic involvement? ✔✔Double the dose. Do what test if a 33 y/o male comes to the office with herpes zoster with ocular involvement? ✔✔Get a blood test for HIV What is the major refractory surface of the human eye? ✔✔The cornea (45 diopters) What disease do we associate with the Munson sign (bulge in the lower eye)? ✔✔Keratoconus How can we differentiate episcleritis from scleritis (besides pain...of which scleritis is more painful)? ✔✔2.5% phenylephrine applied to the sclera will produce blanching with episcleritis, but not scleritis. What parasite spread from cats can cause posterior uveitis? ✔✔Toxoplasmosis What is the likely etiology of posterior uveitis in an immunocomprimised patient? ✔✔CMV What is the #1 etiology of cataracts? What is the #1 disease assoc with cataracts? ✔✔Age; Diabetes
What type of central retinal vein occlusion is characterized by visual acuity worse than 20/150 and an afferent pupillary defect? ✔✔Ischemic Optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy cause what type of visual defect? ✔✔Altitudinal visual defect What muscle of the eye intorts and depresses the eye? ✔✔The superior oblique What drug(s) can cause subcapsular cataract, secondary glaucoma, and increased IOP? ✔✔Corticosteroids What is the correct word for "night blindness"? ✔✔Nyctalopia What nerve palsy is characterized by an eye that sits higher than the other, with the patient depressing their head to compensate? ✔✔4th nerve palsy What are the three layers of the eyeball? ✔✔Fibrous, Vascular, Nerve What does the word Nyctalopia mean? TEST QUESTION ✔✔Night Blindness How is the eye going to deviate with a 6th nerve palsy? ✔✔It will be turned in. Where is the 6th CN located in the brain? ✔✔The pons What drug can cause subconjuctival hemorrhage? ✔✔Asprin What lobes of the brain do the optic radiations go through? ✔✔Parietal and Temporal lobes What treatment for orbital cellulitis? ✔✔Hospitalize, IV abx What pathogen assoc with contact lens wear? ✔✔Pseudomonas What beta blocker can be given to treat angle closure glaucoma which does not interfere with COPD or asthma? ✔✔Betataxolol What retinopathy is the worst manifestation of diabetes? ✔✔Proliforative retinopathy...whereby VEG F is produced which stimulates neovascularization. What is the classic visual defect associated with a pituitary adenoma (which affects the optic chiasm)? ✔✔Bitemporal hemianopsia What is the "sign" associated with watered down flouroscein when examining an insult to the cornea? ✔✔Seidel's Sign
Do what if you suspect an ocular foreign body? ✔✔CT Between hyphema and hypophyon, which can cause secondary glaucoma? ✔✔Hyphema Orbital bone associated with maxillary blow out =? ✔✔Maxillary bone Do what with lid lacerations that involve the lid margin? ✔✔Refer to ophthamology What is the only time a lesion affects a single eye? ✔✔When the lesion is pre-chiasmal