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Nutrition-Sensitive Climate-Smart Agriculture
Tefide Kızıldeniz^1 *, Rumeysa Ceribas^2 , Muhammad Yasir Naeem^3 (^1) Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technologies, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Niğde, Turkiye (^2) Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technologies, Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Niğde, Turkiye (^3) Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technologies, Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Niğde, Turkiye *e-mail: tefidekizildeniz@gmail.com
Abstract Adults and children continue to suffer from malnutrition and hunger in emerging nations, which hinders its productivity, growth, and development. Health and adequate nutrition intake throughtout the whole life cycle of individuals, especially at the earlier stage of the childhood - while the body is in its developing phases - remains essential. It is still a problem in many underdeveloped and emerging nations to ensure that people have food available to them that is secure, sufficient, and satisfies their nutritional and personal choice needs. Still, nutrition security for providing diversity and nutritious food in sufficient quality and quantity is another concern. Agriculture as a component in supporting food security of indivuduals has a fundamental significance in human nutrition besides of being a basic and important livelihoods activity. Nutrition-sensitive approach is focused on the effects of fundamental factors of nutrition. This approach together with agriculture aims to place food strengthening, dietary diversity and nutritionally rich foods at the center of eradicating malnutrition and micronutrient insufficiency in agricultural development and is called as nutrition-sensitive agriculture. However, accessibility and availability of both dietary diversity and nutritionally rich foods are much more limited by environmental changes induced by climate change effects, especially on agriculture and consequently on food and nutrition safety. Consequently, it leads to undermine current endeavors to climate resilience and coping strategies. As a coping strategy, climate- smart agriculture approach aims to reorient and modify agricultural systems to efficiently and influentially improve progress and provide food safety under the changing climate. This approach enables the build-up of innovations, adaptation and mitigation measures with consideration of locally-centered scope in addressing climate change. Therefore, under the circumstances of changing environment and highly fragile nutrition conditions, these two approaches are deeply needed to integrate. Agricultural services can be adapted to more nutrition and climate sensitive by advancing their scope or the capability of extensions. Key words: Climate change; nutrition sensitive-agriculture; nutrition security, nutrition- sensitive climate-smart agriculture; malnutrition
1. Climate Change and Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Agriculture is inherently affected by climate change and also susceptible to other circumstances worldwide. The following issues are caused by climate change: emissions of greenhouse gases, which are expected to have a direct impact on crop production systems for food and forage; changes to crop production systems have an impact on human and animal health; and changes to the pattern and equilibrium of commercial food and other products in the agricultural system. The issues discussed above are dependent on the cycle of global warming and other factors that alter patterns of precipitation, and they will vary depending on where they occur. However, reducing such influences has a significant direct impact on the physiology of crops grown for feed, food, fiber, and fuel as well as other common effects on the diseases of livestock animals, crops, and pests (Von Braun, 2020). An expert from the World Health Organization (WHO) released a report in the 4th^ Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that details the harmful effects of climate change on human health, including changes in temperature, the impact of rainfall on agricultural production, food security and malnutrition in developing nations. In order to combat malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, nutrition-sensitive agriculture combines foods that are high in nutrients and takes a nutrition-based approach to agricultural development and dietary diversity (Tirado et al., 2013 ). A two-way approach to maintain nutrition and food security can reduce vulnerability, make it resilience, and secure nutrition under climate change effects. Nutrition sensitive agriculture should be clearly stressed in resilience of climate development, adaptation of national, and disaster risk reduction plans in vulnerable and poor countries (Tirado et al., 2013 ). Agricultural policy should increase the availability of nutritious foods in a diverse range (vegetables, fruits, underutilized nutrient-rich indigenous foods, legumes, animal and dairy farm products, fish, etc.). Agricultural policies should support poor folk with increasing and viabling people's skill
to achieve and usage the number and food various for having effective and healthy lives (Tirado et al., 201 3 ).
2. The Pathway of Climate Change Impacts from Agriculture to Nutrition The agricultural industry is a significant part of the global economy. The economy of the United States is boosted by the crops, cattle, and fisheries that are produced year to the tune of more than $300 billion (Melillo et al., 2014). The agricultural and food sectors contribute more than $750 billion to the GDP when the food-service and other agriculture-related businesses are taken into account (USDA, 2016). The climate has a significant influence on both agriculture and fishing. In some regions, rising temperatures and CO 2 levels can improve agricultural yields. The availability of water, soil moisture, nutritional levels, and other factors must also be satisfied in order to reap these benefits. Food safety may be at risk as a result of changes in the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, which might provide difficulties for ranchers and farmers (Ziska et al., 2016). The habitat limits of many fish and shellfish species are projected to change as a result of increased water temperatures, which might disturb ecosystems. Overall, climate change may make it more challenging to cultivate crops, rear livestock, and catch fish in the same locations and ways as in the past. However, production will decrease if the higher temperature exceeds the crop's optimal temperature (Melillo et al., 2014). Increased CO 2 has been linked to lower protein and nitrogen levels in alfalfa and soybean plants, which leads to a decline in quality (Melillo et al., 2014). Crop growth may be hampered by more severe precipitation and temperature. Extreme weather conditions, particularly droughts and floods, can damage crops and lower harvests. This has an immediate impact on human health and might endanger it. Due to growing insect pressures and declining pesticide performance, increased pesticide usage also poses a concern to human health (Ziska et al., 2016).
nutrition rich foods and safe are a necessary building body for physical and brain development on children (Black et al., 2008). Low harvests combined with population growth, declining urbanization, poverty, and rising nutrition demand in these areas are likely to increase pressure on nutrition costs and make it harder for those in need to access healthy foods, including small farmers who frequently receive the only nutrients (Nicholls et al., 2020). They control demand, enhance local food production, alter the value chain and agricultural tools, raise local, regional, and global targets for agriculture and nutrient trade, and provide better labor security systems that preserve the purchasing power of those in need in rural and urban areas. Moreover, preference wants to be dedicated for decreasing GHG emissions linked with nutrition production technology used in nutrient marketing, storage, transportation and easing exclusive ownerships hedge which will preserve nutrition materials for entire consumers, supporting major consume, understanding of environmental inclusions of nutrient selections (with emphasize apart from latent worths of distribution, manufacturing, cultivation) (Garnett, 2011). Nutrition-sensitive nourishment framework that may point primary agents of undernutrition all throughout chain from nutrition manufacture, by commerce and working, to peddle besides necessary to exist support (Ruel and Alderman, 2013). Yet, experimental proof based on ‘what can works’ for adjusting as well increasing nutrition system to deal with change of climate is yet narrow, much for proof of how rapidly and how much climates are alternating is comparatively latest. Governments all around the globe must prioritize a rigorous assessment of how local climatic conditions are evolving, as well as the impact of programmatic and regulatory initiatives to make various components of the nutrition system far more adaptable to actual and planned modifications. There are already excellent examples of how nutrition frameworks may be constructed to be far more resistant to modern day dangers. For instance, it has been noted that researchers are constantly advancing and promoting the use of crops that are tolerant to drought stress, such as varieties of wheat, rice, and legumes that are resistant to
pests like peanuts and heat-tolerant animals (Mottaleb et al., 2012; Thornton and Herrero, 2014). Other investigator searches for to rise the content of nutrient (vitamins, minerals) by ensuring that stamped and non-stamped crops are produced intensively more nutritious, the crop often benefits crop vitality for last consumers (Welch and Graham, 2004). So, nourishment boosting policy interventions require to contain just diversity of manufacture in agriculture, but same time developed marketing and commerce which assists reach to both nutritive foods and growing commercial nutritious food crops and their consumption for diverfiying the diets. Notice in nutrition cost policies to impetus that can stimulate major presence and possibility to access nutrient-rich foods to every user could also have possible worth.
4. Agricultural Extension Services for Nutrition-Sensitive Climate-Smart Agriculture Climate-intelligen farming is an attempt by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to support adaptation of food system and mitigation for climate change effects. Until now, those activities have concentrated on elevation productivity of agricultural and revenue, building and adapting resistance to climate change effect. (FAO, 2013). Diversification of crop using variations vernacularly adapted is commonly supported as a tactic which supports the adaptable capability in most systems of food (Thornton et al., 2011; Davis et al., 2012; Müller, 201 1 ; Waha et al., 2013 ; IPCC, 2014). Few schemes began to construct flexibility to weather instability into producing of farm systems. For instance, “ Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme in Bolivia ” has applied local information concerned to climate change adaptation for helping presentat, on of diversities which could be grown at higher or lower altitudes. Bolivian and Sahel agroforestry projects are promoting the production of non-conventional trees that are volatile to heat and drought stresses. These include Baobab ( Adansonia digitate L.), whose fruit and leaves tender lot high-grade nutrition, and Vitellaria paradoxa , that ensures fruit in the angular period for users (Business, 2014). Variety of diets
maize and peanuts (Ristaino et al., 2021), which have low resistancy to heat/water stresses are more probably to be broken or contaminated via pests, molds and disease, with reflections on food quality and also safety (Rosenzweig et al, 2001; Tirado et al, 2010). A focus on reducing post-harvest damages, advanced preservation to maintain food quality and safety, improved infrastructures for paths, information systems, cooling, that can decrease bereavements of products which are high nutrient perishable, as well as interaction with the special sectors, is necessary for preventive nutritions in food supply and rising resilience to climate change (Cornelsen et al., 2015). An increase in interest in the overall consumption of nutrients that only provide energy in the form of calories has been seen in front of a decrease in the purchasing and consumption of nutrient-dense foods like vegetables, meat, dairy products, and fruit in most statuses, according to knowledge of significant food cost impacts over the past 15 years. A focus on reducing post-harvest damages, better storage (to maintain food security and quality of goods), advanced infrastructure (paths, knowledge systems, cooling) that can decrease damages of highly nutritious perishable products, as well as interaction with special sector, are necessary to maintain nutrients in the procurement of food and increase climate change resilience (Pingali, 2015). Aimed conservation of user request over security-nets that tampon purchasing energy amongst vulnerable and poor populations, bearing public supply of nutrient- intense nutritions for meals in health corporations and educational corporations are also crucial. Major cognizance also should be promoted amongst buyers of environmental, also economic, expenses of production, processing, deploy and sell of diverse foods. The common sector can trick a role in effecting and educating user food options in this broader status of system vulnerability.
6. Gender Dimension and Social and Behavior Change for Nutrition-Sensitive Climate-Smart Agriculture
Agriculture is a productive sector for gender spaces. Due to traditional gender-set discrimination, women have less prerogatives, rights, and donations. Input, consumption, and management of efficient sources and services, such as inputs, land, credit, water, technology, extension, education, information, and other rural consulting services, markets, weather, and climatic expertise, provide more problems to women than to males. This affects their susceptibility to climatic hazards and capacity for adaptation. Gender-specific changes in climate-smart agriculture are measured by the extent to which women may equally access sources like livestock or land services, businesses, and job opportunities (Nelson and Huyer, 2016 ). However, the current challenges that women confront are heightened by climate change. The relationship between gender inequality and climate change has an impact on many different levels. CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) researchers have newly defined a diversity of beans which indicate powerful toleration to 4°C higher temperatures than which beans normally can stand (Assefa et al., 2015). Maintaining nutrients in the procurement of food and rising climate change resilience further fertility needs a center on decreasing post- harvest damages, improved storage (to preserve food security and quality of goods), advanced infrastructure (paths, knowledge systems, cooling) that can decrease damages of high nutrition perishable products, also interplay with special sector. It is essential for the general public to look for, trade storage and transportation solutions that reduce perishability and extend the shelf life and life of nutrient-dense foods. It's also essential to prioritize user request above security networks when purchasing tampons for vulnerable and underprivileged communities.
7. Nutrition-Sensitive Climate-Smart Agriculture Best Practices When advocating for and deciding on methods for climate-smart agriculture, the information gathered during a gender analysis is invaluable. The important question is: How can Nutrition- Sensitive Climate Smart Agriculture applications be defined, designed, and applied in a path that gets into count for the regional, available differentitiond, and disparities between man and
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