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NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHO UTA EXAM 1
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERFIED ANSWERS
“The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is likes tot he development of oxidative
stress is known as the - CORRECT ANSWER Mitochondria"
"Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of -
CORRECT ANSWER Differentiation"
"Which type of hemoglobin is produced during sickle-cell crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER HbS"
"Mitochondrial gene disorders are transmitted to - CORRECT ANSWER both daughters and
sons"
"Mitochondrial genes produce proteins involved in - CORRECT ANSWER energy
metabolism"
"What is a manifestation of Down Syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Epicanthal eye folds"
"Which prenatal test(s) diagnose Down Syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Karyotype"
"What ion is most closely related to water movement? - CORRECT ANSWER Sodium"
"A pH of 7.5 is defined as - CORRECT ANSWER Alkalosis"
"Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body water? - CORRECT ANSWER
Intracellular" "Which of the following transport mechanisms is associated with movement of water across the
semipermeable membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER Osmosis"
"Which of the following is least likely to develop into a neoplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER
cardiac myocyte"
"carcinogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER the origin, promotion, or development of cancerous
neoplasms"
"oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER genes that code for proteins involved in cell growth or
regulation"
"autosomal dominant - CORRECT ANSWER if one parent is heterozygous for the disorder the
offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting it."
"Reduction in size in cerebrum of brain - CORRECT ANSWER atrophy"
"Cardiomyopathy - CORRECT ANSWER hypertrophy"
"acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER hyperplasia"
"cervical change of one type of cell to another - CORRECT ANSWER metaplasia"
"actual change in cell size and structure in cancer - CORRECT ANSWER dysplasia"
"The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is linked to the development of
oxidative stress is known as - CORRECT ANSWER mitochondria"
"Cellular atrophy results in: - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in tissue volume due to decrease
in cell size"
"Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of -
CORRECT ANSWER differentiation"
"The cell's typical response to a decrease in trophic signal - CORRECT ANSWER atrophy"
"The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors promote metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER
change from one cell type to another" "Which of the following terms describes cells that are enlarged, with darkened nuclei and
abnormal chromatin? - CORRECT ANSWER dysplastic"
"edema - CORRECT ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure"
"hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER from fluid retention"
"pH of 7.29 - CORRECT ANSWER acidosis"
"Which of the following conditions will most likely result in edema? - CORRECT ANSWER
intravascular filtration pressure greater than interstitial filtration pressure"
"Hypokalemia is often associated with which one of the following conditions? - CORRECT
ANSWER metabolic alkalosis"
"metabolic acidosis may be associated with - CORRECT ANSWER -increased chloride levels
-increased metabolic acids -decreased bicarbonate" "ascites is the primary mechanism of body fluid imbalance in which of the following conditions?
CORRECT ANSWER cirrhosis"
"hypokalemia is a hallmark of which one of the following conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER
salt-losing tubuopathy"
"hypotonic fluid loss may result in - CORRECT ANSWER hypernatremic dehydration"
innate resistance - CORRECT ANSWER protection from pathogens that does not rely on
previous exposure to the pathogen. Defenses we are born with."
"First line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER intact skin, mucous membranes and their
secretions, normal microbiota"
"second line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER protective cells and fluids; inflammation and
phagocytosis - nonspecific. Immediate. Calls in 3rd line"
"third line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER Immunocyte Response. Acquired defense"
"Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune
response in the body, especially the production of antibodies."
"antibody - CORRECT ANSWER An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells,
that functions as the effector in an immune response."
"passive acquired immunity - CORRECT ANSWER Transfer of antibodies (IgG) from the
mother to the fetus in utero. Immediate, Powerful. Disease Specific. Short lived, temporary"
"Sepsis - CORRECT ANSWER SIRS + infection"
"Septic Shock - CORRECT ANSWER sepsis + uncontrollable decreased blood pressure"
"Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER Intensify histamine and kinin effect. Cell membrane,
created via arachidonic pathway"
"protective prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER PGs with protective characteristics"
"Pro-inflammatory Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER stimulate further inflammation by
increasing vascular permeability Induce fever & Pain"
"Steroids & NSAIDS with Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER Suppressing the protective PGs
and pro inflammatory PGs"
"allergic hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER Over response of the body to a specific
substance. Environmental allergen"
"IgE - CORRECT ANSWER Mast cell become sensitized to allergen antigen. Systemic or local
Local-Hives, Rash, Redness Systemic- Itching, Urticaria, Angioedema"
"autoimmune hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of the Immune System to
Recognize Self. Self-Antigen Attack"
"MS - CORRECT ANSWER T-Cells attack Myelin Sheath. Tissue Specific"
"myasthenia gravis - CORRECT ANSWER autoimmune neuromuscular disorder
characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. Attack on acetylcholine receptors. Tissue Specific"
"celiac disease - CORRECT ANSWER disease caused by sensitivity to gluten. Tissue Specific"
"Tissue Specific Autoimmune - CORRECT ANSWER Good Pasture Dzs- lungs and kidneys
Graves Dzs Hyperthyroidism Autoimmune hemolytic anemia"
"Universal blood donor - CORRECT ANSWER O negative"
"A+ blood type - CORRECT ANSWER Can receive A+, A-, O+, O-"
Salmonella, Hep. B, HIV"
"Droplet precautions - CORRECT ANSWER spiderman! sepsis, scarlet fever, streptococcal
pharyngitis, parvovirus, pneumonia, pertussis, influenza, diptheria, epiglottitis, rubella, mumps, meningitis, mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia, adeNovirus (Private room and mask)"
"Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER a deficiency of red blood cells
fatigue, weakness, SOB, due to alteration in 02 carrying capacity hypoxemia- hypoxia of tissue cells"
"hypersplenism - CORRECT ANSWER condition in which the spleen removes blood
components at an excessive rate. Splenomegaly"
"Microcytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER cells smaller than normal"
"macrocytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER A form of anemia characterized by large,
immature red blood cells"
"Normocytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER normal size and appearance"
"Polycythemia Vera (PV) - CORRECT ANSWER chronic, clonal alteration characterized by
overproduction (excessive proliferation) of red blood cells in marrow accompanied by splenomegaly; neoplastic condition involving abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and self-destructive expansion of red cells; cause remain unknown (erythropoietin remains normal); due to increased blood volume and viscosity, hyper-coagulable states result in clogging and occluding blood vessels; tissue injury (ischemia) and death (infarction) is the result; manifestations include plethora (ruddy, red color) and engorgement of retinal and cerebral veins"
"secondary polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWER from dehydration, emphysema, high
altitude, or physical conditioning"
"Frank Bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER Obvious bleeding
Frequent & copious nose bleeding ecchymosis, petechiae, purpura"
"Occult bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER hidden bleeding
Slow GI bleeding"
"Thrombocytopenia - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which there is an abnormally small
number of platelets circulating in the blood"
"vonWillebrand's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER defective platelet adhesion, most common
hemorrhagic disorder"
"thrombocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in
the circulating blood"
"thrombus - CORRECT ANSWER stationary blood clot"
"embolus - CORRECT ANSWER A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream."
"Malaria - CORRECT ANSWER Protozoa infects RBC's causing RBC's hemolysis and the
release of acute phase reactants"
"Rabies - CORRECT ANSWER vector borne viruses which cause dyspaghgia and brain
inflammation in CNS"
"Rubella (German Measles) - CORRECT ANSWER Virus causes mild fever and rash but has a
teratogenic effect on fetus"
"MRSA - CORRECT ANSWER normal skin bacteria that is now resistant to beta-lactam
antibx. Nosocomial"
"Viral Diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWER mild vomitting and watery diarrhea"
"bacterial diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWER non-bloody diarrhea caused by E. coli
contaminated beef. i.e Salmonella"
"Influenze - CORRECT ANSWER URI that can be prevented with a yearly vaccine"
"VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) - CORRECT ANSWER Normal bowel flora
become resistant to vancomycin"
"herpes zoster (shingles) - CORRECT ANSWER S & S include painful skin lesions that follow
the path of the dermatome"
"A cell's typical response to a decrease in trophic signal - CORRECT ANSWER Atrophy"
"Cell death by necrosis is - CORRECT ANSWER often a response to inflammation"
"You are caring for a female patient who has reported a noticeable decrease in breast size and
muscle mass. Which condition and cause is the most likely explanation? - CORRECT
ANSWER Menopause"
"The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors that promote metaplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER can change from one cell to another"
"Cellular atrophy results in - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in tissue volume due to a decrease
in cell size"
"Treatment of chronic conditions associated with cerebral atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER are
targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy" "Which of the following hormones is secreted form the anterior pituitary: Somatostatin Growth Hormone GHRH
IGH-1 - CORRECT ANSWER Growth hormone"
"What is a diagnostic test for cervical dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER Cervical punch
biopsy"
"Which reactive oxygen species is scavenged by catalase? - CORRECT ANSWER Hydrogen
peroxide" "What is the term to describe cells that are enlarged with darkened nuclei and abnormal
chromatin? - CORRECT ANSWER Dysplastic"
"A person's phenotype can best be described as - CORRECT ANSWER traits that are
observable and apparent"
"A person's genotype can best be described as - CORRECT ANSWER the genetic makeup of a
person" "Which of the following conditions follows Mendelian pattern of recessive inheritance? Coronary artery disease
Down Syndrome Marfan Syndrome
Tay-Sachs disease - CORRECT ANSWER Tay-Sachs disease"
"Which of the following follows a multifactorial pattern of inheritence? Coronary artery disease Down Syndrome Marfan Syndrome
Tay-Sachs disease - CORRECT ANSWER Coronary artery disease"
"Fortification of foods with folic acid has resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of -
CORRECT ANSWER neural tube defects"
"Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities can result in an inheritable form of trisomy? Nondisjunction during meiosis Balanced translocation Insertion
Deletion - CORRECT ANSWER Balanced translocation"
"What is the risk of a mother with the genetic mutation that causes Fragile-X syndrome passing
the gene on to an offspring? - CORRECT ANSWER 50% of males affected"
"Which chromosomal abnormality is incompatible with life? - CORRECT ANSWER
Monosomy 21"
"Affects females only - CORRECT ANSWER Turner syndrome"
"The target of damage in Huntington's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER nerve tissue"
"Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) is a screening test for which condition? -
CORRECT ANSWER Spina Bifida"
"A patient comes to the clinic concerned about a painless lymph node in the neck. A diagnosis of lymphoma is made. Which of the following would indicate the lymphoma was Hodgkin lymphoma? The location of the enlarged lymph nodes The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells Spread to the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
The age of the patient - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells"
Lactate - CORRECT ANSWER Lactate"
"Fluid loss in response to hypervolemia is promoted by - CORRECT ANSWER Inhibiting the
secretion of aldosterone, promoting urinary sodium and water elimination"
"Which one of the following conditions will most likely result in edema? - CORRECT
ANSWER Intravascular filtration pressure greater than interstitial filtration pressure"
"An example of an anion exchange - CORRECT ANSWER Bicarbonate and chloride exchange"
"Hypokalemia is often associated with what condition? - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic
alkalosis"
"Metabolic acidosis may be associated with - CORRECT ANSWER increased chloride levels
increased metabolic acids decreased bicarbonate"
"Ascites is the primary mechanism of body fluid imbalance in which condition? - CORRECT
ANSWER Cirrhosis"
"Hyperlactatemia due to drug treatment is a complication in which condition? - CORRECT
ANSWER AIDS"
"Hypokalemia is a hallmark of what condition - CORRECT ANSWER Salt-losing
tubulopathy"
"Hypotonic fluid loss may result in - CORRECT ANSWER Hypernatremic dehydration"
"Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWER result of chemical mediators and energy use by cancer cells
-a syndrome of unexplained weight loss and tissue wasting related to the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, along with excess energy use, by the proliferating neoplastic cells"
"palliative - CORRECT ANSWER comfort care when a cure is not possible"
"Benign - CORRECT ANSWER slow growing cancer with local s/s"
"metastases - CORRECT ANSWER process that occurs when neoplasms are spread to distant
sites often by the way of lymphatics or blood vessels -often the cause of death from cancer"
"autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER the unregulated proliferation of the neoplasm"
"anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER the loss of cell proliferation and cell function
-the greater the degree the more aggressive"
"TNM classification system - CORRECT ANSWER T-tumor size
N-node (lymph) involvement M-metastases~the extent"
"How are tumor cells identified? - CORRECT ANSWER complete history and physical exam.
imagine studies biopsy and cytology studies tumor markers blood, urine, tissue tests"
"Manifestations of neoplasms - CORRECT ANSWER -systemic inflammatory and immune
responses -increases metabolic rate induced by tumors -paraneoplastic syndromes -local effects of tumor obstruction on neighboring tissues"
"Treatments for cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -surgery
-chemo -radiation -biological response modifiers -hormones"
"autosomal recessive - CORRECT ANSWER both parents have to have at least one copy of the
mutated gene. the offspring doesn't have the disease, they are a carrier"
"penetrance - CORRECT ANSWER how much of an impact it will have"
"expressivity - CORRECT ANSWER how likely it will develop"
"Hemophilia - CORRECT ANSWER -sex linked
-father carries the gene, daughters will be carriers and sons will be unaffected -mother carries the gene, daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier and son has a 50% of being affected"
"atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in the size of a cell"
"hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER is an increase in cell size
"Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER the cell is deprived of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition"
"Hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER increased levels of potassium, more than 5 mEq/L
-causes-incorrect usage of drugs, potassium from intracellular to extracellular, and renal failure result in-cardiac arrest, abdominal cramping, and flaccid paralysis"
"Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER decreased levels of potassium, less than 3.5 mEq/L
-causes-diuretic use, vomiting, or diarrhea -result in dizziness, hypotension, cardia arrhythmias, weakness, and leg cramps"
"Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER increased levels of sodium, greater than 145 mEq/L
-causes excessive intake and loss of body water -agitation, restlessness, decreased levels of consciousness -thirst, hypertension, tachycardia, edema, and weight gain"
"hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER decreased levels of sodium, 135 mEq/L
occurs thru -vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating -muscle twitches and weakness -nausea, lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma"
"Hypovolemia - CORRECT ANSWER deficit of body fluid
-causes-excessice fluid loss, reduction in fluid intake -thirst, weight loss, flattened neck veins, more the 3 seconds for capillaries to refill after blanching, decreased urine output, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, altered level of consciousness"
"Hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER an expansion of extracellular volume involving the
interstitial or vascular space -causes-heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney failure, excessive fluid replacement -results in increased urinary sodium and water elimination, heart failure, pulmonary edema."
"4 causes of edema - CORRECT ANSWER 1. increased capillary filtration pressure
- decreased capillary osmotic pressure
- increased capillary permeability
- obstructed lymph flow"
"Metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER -deficiency of bicarbonate
-diarrhea, excessive chloride reabsorption in the kidney Manifestations- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, confusion, coma, and decreased heart rate LAB FINDINGS- pH less than 7.35 and HCO3- less than 24 mEq/l
Compensation- increased breathing rate and depth, hyperkalemia, and increased ammonia in urine"
"metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER excess bicarbonate -too much base
-pH is to high -throwing up, diuretic use, steroid use, baking soda, -Manifestations- physical weakness, muscle cramping, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, convulsions Lab Findings- pH greater than 7.45 and HCO3- greater than 31"
"Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWER the result of hepatitis and liver damage from alcohol
exposure. Manifestations- abdominal discomfort, increased abdominal girth, increased weight, severe sodium retention, renal failure, dilutional hyponatremia"
"Renal tubulopathy - CORRECT ANSWER "
"dehydration - CORRECT ANSWER -negative fluid balance
-cause- diarrhea most common, decreased fluid intake, increased fluid output, fluid shift -decreased level of consciousness -prolonged capillary refill -dry mucous membranes -decreased or absent tears -change in vital signs -weak pulse -decreased urine output"
"mast cells - CORRECT ANSWER Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that
promote inflammation."
"Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes
that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream."
"Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWER Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type
of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days."
"Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER The two types of white blood cells that are part of the
body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Leak Inflammatory Mediators"
"T and B cells - CORRECT ANSWER two types of lymphocytes"
"alloimmune hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER antibody attack on another persons
antigen Body doing its job Not a true hypersensitivity Seen in transplants and transfusions; compatibility issues"
"blood transfusion reactions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. allergic: hives, pruritis, wheezing;
antihistamines (allergy to plasma protein)
- anaphylactic: similar but more sever; seen in IgA deficient people. Dyspnea, bronchospasm, hypotension, shock
- acute hemolytic transfusion reaction: ABO mismatch; type II hypersensitivity. chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain (tachypnea, tachycardia, hemoglobinuria/jaundice)"
"Airborne precautions - CORRECT ANSWER used for patients known or suspected to be
infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. N95 Mask Chicken Pox, Tb"
"True - CORRECT ANSWER Most specific Infectious Disease are categorized by portal of
entry"
"antibiotic resistance - CORRECT ANSWER Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of
prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture. Beta Lactam"
"MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - CORRECT ANSWER an infection
caused by specific bacteria that has become resistant to many antibiotics"
"VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) - CORRECT ANSWER a strain of the bacterium
enterococcus that is resistant to the powerful antibiotic vancomycin; infections occur when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, urinary tract, or surgical wounds. Nosocomial"
"ID- Breach of Skin & Mucous Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER Cellulitis, Botulism, Tetanus,
Rabies, Malaria, Ebola, Zika"
"ID- Respiratory Tract - CORRECT ANSWER Strep throat, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Mumps,
Measles; rubeola, rubella, Varicella, Variola, Zoster, Influenza"
"ID- GI Tract - CORRECT ANSWER Shigella, Salmonella, Dysentery, giardiasis, antibiotic
resistant diarrhea"
"Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous)
condition. Uncontrolled proliferation of WBC (leukocytosis) Low RBC and Platelet (thrombocytopenia) Ease of infection Anemia"
"lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid
tissues. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphadenopathy) painless mass in lymph nodes lymphadenopathy-enlarged lymph nodes"
