Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Nouns: Types, Examples, and Usage in English Grammar, Lecture notes of English Literature

A comprehensive overview of nouns in english grammar, covering various types of nouns, including singular and plural, common and proper, concrete and abstract, collective, compound, countable and uncountable nouns. It also explores noun phrases and nouns of address, offering examples and explanations for each category. Valuable for students learning english grammar and understanding the different functions of nouns in sentences.

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 09/03/2024

ember-euri-baretto
ember-euri-baretto 🇵🇭

1 document

1 / 10

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
NOUNS
A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: Person – teacher, student, girl, boy, Mrs. Lee, Tanya
Animals – shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea, goat
Places – school, gym, Lake Fire, Palawan, village, Africa
Things – pen, computer, mailbox, tree, cereal
Ideas – concentration, wisdom, kindness, fear, love
Kinds of nouns:
A. Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular – means one of something
Plural – means more than one.
5 ways to make nouns plural:
1. You can make most nouns plural by just adding s.
one pencil four pencils
one car two cars
2. If the noun ends with s, ch, sh, x, or z, add es to make it plural.
one dress a rack of dresses
one church three churches
3. To make some nouns that end with f or fe plural, change the f to v
and add es.
knife knives
half halves
leaf leaves
1
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

Download Nouns: Types, Examples, and Usage in English Grammar and more Lecture notes English Literature in PDF only on Docsity!

NOUNS

A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. Examples: Person – teacher, student, girl, boy, Mrs. Lee, Tanya Animals – shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea, goat Places – school, gym, Lake Fire, Palawan, village, Africa Things – pen, computer, mailbox, tree, cereal Ideas – concentration, wisdom, kindness, fear, love Kinds of nouns: A. Singular and Plural Nouns Singular – means one of something Plural – means more than one. 5 ways to make nouns plural:

  1. You can make most nouns plural by just adding s. one pencil four pencils one car two cars
  2. If the noun ends with s , ch , sh , x , or z , add es to make it plural. one dress a rack of dresses one church three churches
  3. To make some nouns that end with f or fe plural, change the f to v and add es. knife knives half halves leaf leaves
  1. Add s if the letter in front of the y is a vowel, to make plural a noun that ends in y. toy toys key keys
  2. Drop the y and add ies if the letter in front of the y is a consonant. dictionary dictionaries penny pennies Irregular Plurals Singular Plural alga algae alumna alumnae alumnus alumni antenna (on a television) antennas antenna (on a bug’s head) antennae appendix appendix, appendices bacterium bacteria bus buses, busses child children datum data deer deer foot feet fish fishes goose geese half halves louse lice man men mouse mice ox oxen sheep sheep tooth teeth woman women

the object that’s being referred to is not unique in itself, but the brand it belongs to is. For example:

  • “I’ll have a Coke , please.”
  • “My new MacBook is incredibly fast.” Appellations When a person has additional words added to his or her name (known as an appellation), this becomes part of the proper noun and is also capitalized. (Some linguists distinguish these as proper names , rather than proper nouns .) For example:
  • Prince William is adored by many.”
  • “Italy was invaded by Attila the Hun in 452.” Job Titles and Familial Roles Many times, a person may be referred to according to a professional title or familial role instead of by name. In this case, the title is being used as a noun of address and is considered a proper noun, even if it would be a common noun in other circumstances. For example:
  • “How are you doing, Coach ?”
  • “I need your advice, Mr. President .”
  • " Mom , can you come with me to the playground?”
  • “Pleased to meet you, Doctor .” C. Concrete and Abstract Nouns Concrete noun – names a person, animal, place, or thing that you can actually see, touch, taste, hear or smell Abstract noun – names an idea, feeling, emotion, or quality. Ex: beauty, happiness, ability, anger, nature, love

D. Collective Nouns

  • are nouns that refer to a collection or group of multiple people, animals, or things. However, even though collective nouns refer to multiple individuals, they still function as singular nouns in a sentence. This is because they still are technically referring to one thing: the group as a whole. For example:
  • “The flock of birds flew south for the winter.”
  • “The organization voted to revoke the rules that it had previously approved.”
  • “The set of tablecloths had disappeared. ” People: audience crew cast crowd family band gang group choir Animals: flock herd swarm pack brood warren school colony litter Things: bunch set cache bundle stack batch cluster bouquet fleet E. Compound Nouns A compound noun is a noun composed of two or more words working together as a single unit to name a person, place, or thing. Compound nouns are usually made up of two nouns or an adjective and a noun.
  • water + bottle = water bottle (a bottle used for water)
  • dining + room = dining room (a room used for dining)
  • back + pack = backpack (a pack you wear on your back)
  • police + man = policeman (a police officer who is a man)

an emergency – several emergenciesa reading – 10 readingsan aspiration – many aspirations Uncountable nouns , on the other hand, are nouns that cannot be considered as separate units. They are also known as non- count or mass nouns. Concrete uncountable nouns. Concrete nouns that are uncountable tend to be substances or collective categories of things. For instance:

  • wood, smoke, air, water
  • furniture, homework, accommodation, luggage Uncountable nouns cannot take the indefinite articles a or an in a sentence, because these words indicate a single amount of something. Likewise, they cannot take numbers or plural forms, because there cannot be multiple units of them. For example: “I see a smoke over there.” (incorrect) ✔ “I see ( _some_* ) smoke over there.” (correct) ✖ “I don’t have furnitures .” (incorrect) ✔ “I don’t have ( _any_* ) furniture .” (correct) (*We often use the words some or any to indicate an unspecified quantity of uncountable nouns.) However, uncountable nouns can sometimes take the definite article the , because it does not specify an amount:
  • “They’re swimming in the water .”
  • The homework this week is hard.” A large number of abstract nouns are uncountable. These are usually ideas or attributes. For instance:
  • love, hate, news*, access, knowledge
  • beauty, intelligence, arrogance, permanence (*Even though news ends in an “-s,” it is uncountable. We need this “-s” because without it, news would become new , which

is an adjective.) Again, these cannot take indefinite articles or be made plural. ✖ “He’s just looking for a love .” (incorrect) ✔ “He’s just looking for love .” (correct) ✖ “She’s gained a great deal of knowledges during college.” (incorrect) ✔ “She’s gained a great deal of knowledge during college.” (correct) As with countable nouns, though, we can sometimes use the definite article the :

  • “I can’t stand watching the news .”
  • “Can you believe the arrogance he exhibits?” G. Noun Phrases A noun phrase is a group of two or more words that function together as a noun in a sentence. Noun phrases consist of a noun and other words that modify the noun. For example: “He brought the shovel with the blue handle .” In this sentence, the shovel with the blue handle is a noun phrase. It collectively acts as a noun while providing modifying words for the head noun, shovel. The modifiers are the and with the blue handle. H. Nouns of Address Nouns of address are used in direct speech to identify the person or group being directly spoken to, or to get that person’s attention. Like interjections , they are grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence—they don’t modify or affect any other part of it. For example:
  • James , I need you to help me with the dishes.”
  • “Can I have some money, Mom ?”
  • “How are you doing, Coach ?”
  • “I need your advice, Mr. President .”
  • "Can you come with me, Mom ?” Compare the examples above to the following cases in which the same titles of jobs and family members are not used to address the person directly, and therefore are not capitalized:
  • “Give that football to the coach .”
  • “Was the president at the meeting?”
  1. Terms of endearment When a term of endearment is being used in place of a person’s name, we do not capitalize the word unless it begins the sentence. For example:
  • “Would you get me a glass of water, sweetie ?”
  • “Thanks, pal , I appreciate your help.”
  1. Other common nouns If they do not act as a professional or familial title, other common nouns should generally remain in lowercase, unless they occur as the first word of the sentence. For example:
  • “This, class , is the video I was telling you about.”
  • “Can you help me, guy in the red shirt ?”