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Cell Biology: Understanding Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Their Organelles - Prof. , Study notes of Biology

University of Georgia (UGA)Biology
Prof. Marguerite Brickman

An overview of cell biology, focusing on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, are single-celled organisms without a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells, found in plants and animals, have a nucleus and various organelles. The structure, size, organization, and functions of these two types of cells, including their reproductive processes and organelles like the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

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Section 21.2
Two kinds of infectious organisms:
1. bacteria
2. viruses
Bacteria
•prokaryote
•circular DNA
•phospholipid membrane
•asexual reproduction
•approx. 1um size
•anti-peptidoglycans
Viruses
•viruses: noncellular replicating entities that must invade living cells to carry out
its replication
•either DNA double helix or RNA single strands
•cannot be seen under a light microscope
•unable to produce their own macromolecules or provide a cellular energy source
without a host cell
•cannot be seen under a light microscope
•do not contain organelles (prokaryote)
•only reproduces inside other living cells (host cells)
•50 nm- smallest
Viruses Hijacking a host cell
1. virus is attracted to a host cell and bind with receptors outside of host cell
2. when it gets inside it releases the genetic material it has been carrying (DNA OR
RNA)
3. the cell makes copies of the genetic info
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Download Cell Biology: Understanding Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Their Organelles - Prof. and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Section 21. Two kinds of infectious organisms:

  1. bacteria
  2. viruses Bacteria
  • prokaryote
  • circular DNA
  • phospholipid membrane
  • asexual reproduction
  • approx. 1um size
  • anti-peptidoglycans Viruses
  • viruses : noncellular replicating entities that must invade living cells to carry out its replication
  • either DNA double helix or RNA single strands
  • cannot be seen under a light microscope
  • unable to produce their own macromolecules or provide a cellular energy source without a host cell
  • cannot be seen under a light microscope
  • do not contain organelles (prokaryote)
  • only reproduces inside other living cells (host cells)
  • 50 nm- smallest Viruses Hijacking a host cell
  1. virus is attracted to a host cell and bind with receptors outside of host cell
  2. when it gets inside it releases the genetic material it has been carrying (DNA OR RNA)
  3. the cell makes copies of the genetic info

Section 4.1-4. All cells are wither prokaryotic or eukaryotic Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells DNA in nucleoid region within membrane-bound nucleus Size much smaller: much larger: Organization always single celled often multicellular Organelles only one type of organelle many types of organelles The Prokaryotic Cell

  • DNA is not enclosed within the nucleus
  • either bacteria or another microscopic form of life called archaea
  • singled celled
  • only one type of^ organelle : a highly organized structure, internal to a cell, that serves some specialized purpose The Eukaryotic Cell parts of the cell:
  1. Nucleus
  2. Other organelles
  3. Cytosol : a protein rich, jelly-like fluid in which the cells organelles are immersed
  4. Cytoskeleton: internal scaffolding
  5. Plasma membrane: the outer lining of the cell
  6. another part of the cell is the cytoplasm : the region of the cell inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus
  • two examples of eukaryotic cells: plants and animals The Animal Cell
  1. Beginning in the control center: the nucleus
    • DNA is confined within the nucleus
    • nuclear membrane : the double membrane that lines the nucleus in the eukaryotic cells
    • the nucleus is not just the site where DNA exists; it is where new DNA is put together, or “synthesized” for this doubling
  2. Messenger RNA
    • information contained in DNA has to be transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (mRNA’s job)

prokaryotes : organisms whose DNA is not contained within a cell nucleus

Eukaryotes

  • include all plants, animals, fungi, and protists
  • have a nucleus Bacteria
  • lack a nucleus

6.1-6.7: An Introduction to Energy

  • energy : the capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force Two forms of energy: 1 .potential energy : stored energy Ex: a rock on top of a hill, a piece of wood, a loaded gun
    1. kinetic energy : energy in motion Ex: a rock tumbling down a hill, fire, a flying bullet 6.3 How is energy used by living things?
  • exergonic reactions : “energy out”, the starting substances (reactants) contain more potential energy than the products
  • downhill reactions Ex: starches breaking down into simple sugars Ex: Hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
  • endergonic reactions : “energy in” (buildup operations), the products contain more energy than the reactants
  • uphill reactions Ex: simple glucose molecules combining to be stored in the form of glycogen Ex: Adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
  • coupled reaction : a chemical reaction in which an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction

6.4 The Energy Dispenser: ATP

  • ATP^ supplies our bodies with energy; it can be defined as the most important energy transfer molecule in living things -adenosine triphosphate (ATP): has a sugar (ribose) and a nitrogen-containing base (adrenine) which are linked by three phosphate groups
  • serves as an effective transfer molecule
  • ATP is the energy currency of the cell
  • energy is stored in the phosphate bonds ATP/ADP Cycle
  • once ATP loses its outer phosphate group, it releases energy and turns into ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
  • when ADP is finished with reaction, it can goes and picks up another phosphate group, becoming ATP again 6.5 Enzymes
  • enzyme : a type of protein that accelerates a chemical reaction

Section 7.1-7.