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NIFE WEATHER EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cloud Groups - correct answers ✔✔Low Clouds: (no prefix) SFC - 6500'AGL Stratus / Cumulus Middle: (Alto) 6500' - 20,000'AGL Altostratus / Altocumulus High: (Cirro) +20,000' AGL Cirrostratus / Cirrocumulus Special: (Nimbo / Nimbus) Clouds with extensive vertical development Nimbostratus / Cumulonimbus DESCRIBE the characteristics of the troposphere - correct answers ✔✔28,000 - 55,000 AGL (36,000 over US) Temperature decreases with altitude Winds increase with altitude
Large amounts of moisture in this area DEFINE atmosphere - correct answers ✔✔The Gaseous covering of the Earth. Has continuous motion relative to the earths surface Created by temperature difference between polar and tropic regions Complicated by uneven heating of land and water STATE the standard units of pressure measurement - correct answers ✔✔Inches of Mercury and Millibars EXPLAIN the term pressure gradient - correct answers ✔✔Rate of change in pressure / horizontal distance Perpendicular to isobars Tight spacing = steep gradient (Fast) Wide spacing = weak pressure gradient (slow) DEFINE a lapse rate - correct answers ✔✔Decrease in temperature with an increase in altitude STATE the average temperature last rate in degrees Celsius - correct answers ✔✔2 degrees Celsius / 1000ft
Pressure Altitude = The altitude displayed when 29.92 is set in the kollsman window (required for altitudes 18000 OR GREATER) Density Altitude = NOT height reference, (index to aircraft performance) DESCRIBE the effects of pressure change on altimeters - correct answers ✔✔A pressure change of 1 inch of Hg will change altimeter reading by 1000ft High to Low - correct answers ✔✔"Look out below" MSL = Assigned altitude - Altitude Error AGL = MSL - Field Elevation Indicated Altitude (On deck) = Field elevation + Altitude Error Low to High - correct answers ✔✔"Plenty of sky" MSL = Assigned Altitude + Altitude Error AGL = MSL - Field Elevation IA (On Deck) = Field Elevation - Altitude Error What happens when moving from cold to warm air - correct answers ✔✔Altimeter reads HIGH
What happens when moving from warm to cold air - correct answers ✔✔Altimeter reads low DEFINE the term air mass in the classroom - correct answers ✔✔Large body of air with relatively similar temperature and moisture characteristics Named for temp RELATIVE TO THE SURFACE Is a Cold air mass stable / unstable - correct answers ✔✔UNSTABLE Is a Warm air mass stable / unstable - correct answers ✔✔STABLE DEFINE saturation - correct answers ✔✔The maximum amount of water that can be held by the air (At a specific temperature) DEFINE Dew Point Depression - correct answers ✔✔The difference between Temperature and Dew Point DEFINE Dew Point - correct answers ✔✔Direct indication of the amount of moisture in the air Temperature at which saturation occurs Can never be greater than the air temperature DEFINE a temperature inversion - correct answers ✔✔Temperature increases as altitude increases DEFINE relative humidity - correct answers ✔✔The percent of saturation in the air
Put the wind to your back, low pressure area is to your left DESCRIBE the jet stream - correct answers ✔✔Narrow band of strong winds (50kts or more) that have profound influence on the weather Location: 30,000MSL Length: 1000 - 3000 miles Width: 100 - 400 miles Height: 3000 - 7000 miles Two types of Jet streams - correct answers ✔✔Polar and Subtropical Difference between jet streams in the summer vs winter - correct answers ✔✔Summer: Winds are faster Winter: Core is lower and further South DESCRIBE the Sea Breezes - correct answers ✔✔(Day) As the Land heats, air over the land rises and creates a low pressure area. Breeze moves from Ocean to Land Describe local winds - correct answers ✔✔Winds caused by mountains valleys, and water masses
DESCRIBE the Land Breezes - correct answers ✔✔(Night) As the Land Cools, air over warmer water rises and creates a low pressure area. Breeze flows from Land to Ocean DEFINE Front - correct answers ✔✔A discontinuity between contrasting air masses DESCRIBE the discontinuities used to locate and classify fronts - correct answers ✔✔Temperature: Most recognizable difference between fronts Dew Point: Differences in dew points Pressure: ALL FRONTS are located in troughs of low pressure Wind: (Wind shifts) DESCRIBE the characteristics of Cold Fronts - correct answers ✔✔Cold Fronts: ~ Move Southeast at a rate of 20kts ~ Wind Shifts 90 degrees (SW to NW) ~ Low Dew Points ~ Cumulus Clouds on Horizon DESCRIBE the characteristics of a squall line - correct answers ✔✔A squall line is a line of violent thunderstorms.
~ Move NE at the speed of the front on the ground ~ Wind Shift is 180 degrees (NW to SE) ~ Most severe weather is located 100NM South - 300NM North of the frontal intersection EXPLAIN the relationship between flight conditions and atmospheric stability - correct answers ✔✔Flight Conditions: FAT VIP's Where Cloaks Stable Conditions White Women Suck Penis Really Strange, So Stop Unstable Atmosphere Captain Crunch, Really Good Cereal, So Good DESCRIBE the cloud types - correct answers ✔✔Stratiform: ~ Come from Moist stable air ~ Steady precipitation ~ Widespread w/ no definable shape Cumuliform:
~ Comes from moist, unstable air ~ Showery precipitation ~ Large puffy clouds with definite shape and vertical development Describe Special clouds - correct answers ✔✔Nimbo / Nimbus = violent or heavy Cumulonimbus (thunderstorms) ~ Severe / extreme turbulence, icing, hail, lightening ~ Bases @ low altitudes, tops @ high altitudes Nimbostratus ~Thick, widespread, uniform, build DOWNWARDS ~ Heavy rain, moderate turbulence, no thunder Cloud Groups - correct answers ✔✔Low Clouds: (No Prefix) SFC - 6500' AGL Stratus / Cumulus Middle Clouds: (Alto)
Neutrally Stable: Same temperature air remains at the point where the lifting action was removed DESCRIBE the four methods of lifting - correct answers ✔✔Frontal: Air lifted by cold fronts due to their shape Orographic: Wind against mountain pushes the air up Convergence: Air forced upwards because it has nowhere else to go Thermal: (convective lifting) Cool air over a warm surface DEFINE Turbulence - correct answers ✔✔Irregular or disturbed atmospheric flow producing gusts and/or eddies LIST the intensities of turbulence used in PIREPs - correct answers ✔✔Light Moderate Severe Extreme DEFINE the terms used to report turbulence - correct answers ✔✔Light = SLIGHT erratic change in altitude / attitude Moderate = Similar to light turbulence, but greater in intensity. A/C remains in positive control Severe = Turbulence that causes LARGE abrupt changes in altitude / attitude
Extreme = Turbulence in which the a/c is violently tossed around and is practically impossible to control DESCRIBE the causative factors that create the different types of turbulence - correct answers ✔✔Thermal Mechanical Frontal Large Scale Windshear DESCRIBE how thermal turbulence develops - correct answers ✔✔(Convective) Results from heating below Strength varies with the surface being heated DESCRIBE how mechanical turbulence develops - correct answers ✔✔When ground objects interfere with airflow (ie buildings, hills, valleys) Usually not seen higher than 1000ft AGL Speed of the wind, roughness of terrain, and stability of the air all play a roll DESCRIBE how frontal lifting creates turbulence - correct answers ✔✔Caused by the passage of a cold front More prominent in FAST moving cold fronts
STATE the requirements for the formation of structural icing - correct answers ✔✔1. Visible moisture
- Free Air Temperature below freezing STATE the temperature range most conducive to structural icing - correct answers ✔✔From 0 to -20 degrees Celsius Clear = 0 to -10 (unstable) (most severe) Mixed = -8 to - Rime = -10 to -20 (stable) IDENTIFY the hazards of aircraft icing - correct answers ✔✔MOST severe = aerodynamic effects on the airfoil Potential loss of Flight controls and vibration Two types of engine icing - correct answers ✔✔Compressor and induction IDENTIFY the hazards of engine icing - correct answers ✔✔Compressor Icing: ~ FOD ~ Imbalance on rotor blades
Induction Icing: ~ Restricted airflow into the inlet (flameout / compressor stall) ~ Can occur in high temps (+10 Celsius) PIREPs for Icing - correct answers ✔✔Intensity Trace Light Moderate Severe Type Rime Clear Mixed Define Obscuring phenomena - correct answers ✔✔When any collection of particles reduces visibility to less than 7 miles Avoiding icing - correct answers ✔✔Ascend to colder temperatures Descend to warmer temperatures IDENTIFY the procedures to minimize / avoid the effects of fog - correct answers ✔✔Rely on the instruments
Hail: (may be carried 10-20 miles downwind) Microbursts Severe icing Lightning Tornadoes. Describe the lifecycle of a thunderstorm - correct answers ✔✔Cumulus Stage: Updrafts Mature Stage: Updrafts, Downdrafts, and hazards Dissipating stage: Downdrafts and hazards DESCRIBE the Signs and hazards associated with microbursts - correct answers ✔✔Localized downdraft of 2000 - 6000ft / minute Vortex ring of 20-200kts Dissipates 5-10 minutes after touching the ground DESCRIBE the recommended techniques for avoiding thunderstorm hazards - correct answers ✔✔Around = best option
Over: 1000ft per 10kts of wind Under: 1/3 away from storm, 2/3 away from the ground Through: Penetrate the lower 1/3 of the storm Define flight visibility - correct answers ✔✔Ability to see and identify prominent unlighted objects be day and lighted objects by night Define Slant Range visibility - correct answers ✔✔The distance on final approach at which the runway environment is in sight Define prevailing visibility - correct answers ✔✔Greatest horizontal visibility throughout at least half a circle Define Runway Visual Range - correct answers ✔✔Horizontal distance looking down the runway DESCRIBE the sky coverage terms that define a ceiling - correct answers ✔✔Broken, Overcast, Obscured DESCRIBE the use of Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) - correct answers ✔✔Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) are a valuable source of information used to supplement ground station weather observations. Required when: Requested by ATC Unusual weather Conditions on IFR approach differ
